tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39458980623103272852024-02-08T06:36:34.081-08:00Research Paper On Buying A ComputerFhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.comBlogger462125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-781728075684163092020-08-26T14:00:00.001-07:002020-08-26T14:00:15.032-07:00Environmental Data Analysis with MatLabQuestion: Talk about the advantages and difficulties you have gotten from undertaking Environmental Management for Sustainable Development? Answer: The current task will finish up the various types of difficulties and points of interest, which are reached by the diverse ecological administration framework to create and keep up a reasonable domain improvement process. The target of the examination is to dissect all the huge components, which will close about the significance of manageability in any nation. In the time of globalization, the thought of the industrialization is exceptionally normal (Boylan, 2014). The legislature of various nation faces various types of difficulties and hindrances so as to keep up an appropriate natural maintainability. Contamination is one of the significant dangers towards keeping up a sound and manageability condition (Menke and Menke, 2012). There are various types of components, which dirty the earth, and now and again it turns out to be a lot of hard to oversee and control contamination in the nation. The accompanying piece of the investigation will finish up about the different components, wh ich will stress about the advantages and difficulties of the supportable improvement process in the nation (Montgomery, 2014). Keeping up an eco-accommodating condition and green condition in the nation puts various types of positive effects on the natural supportability process. Be that as it may, to keep an appropriate natural maintainability in the nation, there are specific difficulties looked by the NGOs and government with the end goal of keeping up a legitimate ecological supportability plans and projects (Murphy and King, 2014). I feel that improvement of an eco-accommodating condition will bring about different gainful procedures. It is better for the general public. Developing contamination is probably the most concerning issue, which each nation faces whether it is a created nation or a creating nation. Industrialization is the essential factor to assess this specific proclamation in the task. The ascent of industrialization in the time of globalization puts both positive effect just as negative effect towards an expansion in the profitability of the nation. From my experience, the upsides of indu strialization increment the general buying intensity of the clients. In any case, the significant downsides towards of industrialization are the ascent in the degree of contamination in the nation. There are various types of contamination in the nation. I feel that while arranging this specific exploration process, the thought of industrialization has expanded air contamination, water contamination, and land contamination. Creating various types of rules and guidelines by the administration is a definitive arrangement so as to take care of this specific issue. There are different sorts of the exploration procedure, which are embraced with the end goal of closing the whole examination process. I feel that receiving an appropriate information dissecting procedure will get done with the best discoveries to finish the entire examination process. I have mostly underlined in the use of the auxiliary method of information assortment, which permitted me to close about various types of a subsequent examination paper on ecological supportability the executives followed by different kinds of factual reports and authority sites of different NGOs. This specific examination procedure will assist the perusers with concluding what are the various types of difficulties and advantages which larger part of the NGOs faces towards keeping up a supported contamination free condition in the nation. Reference List Boylan, M. (2014).Environmental morals. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Menke, W. also, Menke, J. (2012).Environmental information examination with MatLab. Burlington: Elsevier. Montgomery, C. (2014).Environmental topography. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Murphy, E. also, King, E. (2014).Environmental commotion contamination. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-60099548241326459942020-08-22T08:25:00.001-07:002020-08-22T08:25:28.186-07:00Four Seasons Goes To Paris Case Study Tourism EssayFour Seasons Goes To Paris Case Study Tourism Essay One of the universes driving administrators of lavish inns, Four Seasons, remodeled George V and worked it as Four Seasons Hotel George V Paris in 1999, which is its first property in France. George V was opened in 1928 and since that has been a milestone which is situated in the Triangle dOr (brilliant triangle). In Four Seasons Goes to Paris contextual investigation shows how Four Seasons built up the assorted variety and adjusted to French market, with the Four Seasons extraordinary guidelines. The motivation behind this report is to break down how Four Seasons, a Canadian organization adjusted the large social contrast, likewise to have the option to apply and clarify the administration standards recognized for the situation study and the administration procedures in todays reality. Moreover, by seeing how the administration adjust to turn into the French boss and what the organization basic beliefs were actualized in Four Seasons group, so as to know how the administration hang out in this procedure. At long last, contrasting with Four Seasons long periods of the board in Paris how does the momentum inside and outside condition influence the administrators to be progressively enterprising. Social mindfulness, Adaptation and Management Changes Social mindfulness can be thought of as disguised attitudinally bits of knowledge about those basic understandings held by bunches that direct the prevalent qualities, mentalities, convictions and viewpoints of the person. (Adler, 1986:31) Four Seasons opened its first property in Paris and it was a tremendous test for the administration to go into the neighborhood. As indicated by the contextual investigation, French is portrayed by social analysts as having Polychromic Culture, which implies they consider the significance of human connections and they incline toward building lifetime connections. Despite what might be expected, Americans are substantially more agreeable to grow momentary connections. French do various assignments simultaneously for the most part, yet their consideration can be removed without any problem. Furthermore, the administration clarified that there is essentially a mind boggling pride in being French and the French have an exceptionally enthusiastic method of getting things done. They can't keep the gauges and don't regard the Golden guidelines as it is excessively American just as changing plans frequently on the grounds that their choices in some cases are capricious and not founded on any reasons. For the administration needs to acclimate to the French guidelines particularly in the process of giving birth arrangem ent in regards to the staff working hours and conditions. David Crowl, noticed that every inn is customized and adjusted to its national condition. Four Seasons have taken in across fringes from various nations and properties, attempting to fuse the local components inside the property. Richey, the leader of Richey International, which was recruited to review administration quality and he felt that Four Seasons adjusted to the nearby market effectively from a plan point of view at the primary spot. Likewise they comprehend the national characteristics, business culture and work laws so as to turn into a French boss. Additionally, Four Seasons employed Didier Le Calvez to be the General Manager of George V. He had 25 years working experience outside France and he gained persistence and resilience to set up the lodging opening. Four Seasons had relegated a 35-man team which made out of experienced Four Seasons staff to help Le Calvez and his groups, to be Four Seasonize just as ensuring that the initial will be succeed. It assists with building up standards, perspectives and convictions by mirroring the working needs and is a decent route for conveying the correct data to all staff. Also, the administration executed the 35-hour week's worth of work at George V so as to meet the soul of French law. Furthermore, beginning direct line meeting for General Manager with chiefs, bosses and representatives in gatherings of 30 once every month, so as to advance correspondence and address the issues. It is significant for staff to know about various national and hierarchical culture since the board is a procedure of planning work exercises with the administration abilities so as to finish the work proficiently and successfully with and through individuals. (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008) It empowers to function admirably with others both in a gathering and separately, as cordiality is a people industry and about association with individuals from various culture, language and convictions, correspondence can be improved by creating and understanding the social mindfulness Besides, a fruitful administration for now ought to have the option to be adaptable, make moral workplaces and show innovative aptitudes when confronting the changes. As we are not no different and everybody is interesting, we need to perceive the likenesses and contrasts of every individual us, so as to accomplish a similar objective for the organization. Imparting the Core esteems into the group Basic beliefs are operatingâ philosophies orâ principlesâ that direct an associations interior lead just as itsâ relationshipâ with the outside world. (businessdictionary.com, 2010) à It is significant for partners of the association since it is an exhibition guide and explanation of what conduct and mentality ought to be performed. As per Sharp, author and CEO of Four Seasons, he referenced that the purpose behind their prosperity is no mystery. It boils down to one single rule that rises above time and geology, religion and culture. Its the Golden Rule the straightforward thought that on the off chance that you treat individuals well, the manner in which you might want to be dealt with, they will do likewise. (Fourseasons.com, 2010) Sharp stressed that The Golden Rule is the way in to the achievement of the firm. It isn't just a positive conviction that offers reliably excellent assistance and only for you to the visitors, yet in addition is a screen to the representatives and assists with molding connections between the visitors and staff. Base on the Golden Rule, the administration needs to stand apart by coordinating the exercises of others in the organization with the elements of the executives, which is a procedure have for the most part been dense to the essential four: arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008:7) Arranging It is a procedure to set up a general technique for accomplishing the objective of association and assists with reminding the staff what is the most significant. (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008). The administration referenced the Four Seasons is a family and finishes with rules, customs and strong but fair affection. So as to give reliably excellent just to you, the Golden Rule was built up to manage the family. The conduct of all staff over the world were relied upon to follow the seven Four Seasons Service Culture Standards (Refers to Appendix I), Departmental Sample Core Standards and Four Seasons Goals, Beliefs and Principles. (http://www.fourseasons.com/about_us/service_culture) They are the establishment of the authoritative objectives and it shapes the connections among staff and visitors, just as improves the administration culture. Sorting out Structure of the Organization The duty of the head supervisor is regulating the everyday tasks of the property and the territorial administration structure of the organization (Refers to Appendix II) is the most significant of its capacity to keep up and convey the most noteworthy and most steady help measures in a practical way. Recruit the opportune individual with right mentality Four Seasons is attempting to peer somewhere within the candidates in the choice procedure as far as finding the potential workers with right mentality. Allude to Frederick Taylor, the dad of logical administration accepted that expanded proficiency could be accomplished by choosing the ideal individuals for the activity and preparing them to do it decisively in the one most ideal way. Recruit the opportune individual with right mentality and appropriate preparing, expanding the quality of the property, yet in addition controlling connection among information and yield so as to limit the asset costs. Driving At the point when administrators persuade workers, direct the exercises of others, select the best correspondence channel, or resolve clashes among individuals, they are driving. (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008:8) Le Calvez, completed a few projects for inspiration, for example, the solicitation to the representatives and their families for an open occasion around three times each year, so as to separate the boundaries and help them the agreeableness to remember working. Besides, accomplishment was commended by propelling worker of-the-month and representative of-the-year projects to let the staff comprehend the acknowledgment and the work represents them. Controlling The fundamental controlling procedure is the obligation regarding observing, looking at and adjusting. (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008) The administration of Four Seasons employed both outer and inner reviewers to review and assess the administration quality. It is fundamental in light of the fact that the norms of Four Seasons are the establishment for every one of our properties and it depends on which we work as per a ranking director noted. Hence, the top supervisory crew assembles each morning for reflection and audits so as to go over the errors, which have been done amateurish and contrasting with the companys objective and administration principles, at that point distinguish and address the issue for development. How does Current Internal and External Environment influence directors to turn out to be progressively innovative Contrasted with the time of Four Seasons the executives, it is significant for the ebb and flow supervisors to be increasingly imaginative and innovative, just as adaptable so as to get enterprising to both change and adjust the changes. Current Internal Environment Analysis The board Change Le Calvez worked with Four Seasons for a long time and 8 years General Manager and Vice President in George V, he joined Shangri-La in 2007. He was credited for the remodel and his administration while confronting the adjustment and difficulties. As I would like to think, it affected the work inspiration of Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-7958817108532464542020-08-20T10:38:00.001-07:002020-08-20T10:38:02.355-07:00How Can I Stop a Panic AttackHow Can I Stop a Panic Attack Panic Disorder Coping Print Getting Through Your Panic Attack By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 25, 2020 Klaus Vedfelt/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions From symptoms of shaking nerves, trembling, sweating, and numbness to feelings of fear, anxiety, and even embarrassmentâ"panic attacks can be extremely difficult to deal with. If you are a panic attack sufferer, you may be all too familiar with the struggle of managing these symptoms.?? Panic attacks can be extremely difficult to stop entirely. However, there are ways to learn how to better control and lessen their symptoms. Let Panic Run Its Course Panic attacks typically come on suddenly, bringing on escalating feelings of dread and anxiety. These attacks are often marked by bothersome physical symptoms, such as choking sensations, shaking, tingling, rapid heart rate, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain. During a panic attack, you may experience feelings of depersonalization and derealization, in which you feel disconnected from yourself and the world around you. You may become fearful that you are going âcrazy,â losing all ?control or having a stroke or heart attack. When going through a panic attack, it can be difficult to focus on anything else but your symptoms. You may try to push away your upsetting thoughts and physical sensations, but resisting your panic attacks can actually intensify your anxiety.?? You may also fear your attacks because you donât understand them. The next time a panic attack takes hold and those feelings of dread set in, try to surrender to your symptoms and allow the attack to run its course. Remind yourself that your symptoms cannot hurt you and know that it will soon pass. Additionally, to help take the fear out of the unknown, try to learn as much as you can about panic attacks. Breathe Your Way Through While having a panic attack, you may have experienced shortness of breath or hyperventilation. These symptoms can be especially troublesome as it can feel as though you canât breathe. The fear associated with shortness of breath can heighten your anxiety during a panic attack. Learning to slow your breath down can be essential in controlling your panic attacks and reducing your fear. When panic attack symptoms start to escalate, try to focus on your breath. You may be experiencing quick shallow breaths. Concentrate on slowing your breath down. It can help to put your hands on your stomach, noticing how your hands and center rise when you take a full complete breath in, and lower when you exhale all the air out. Taking slow deliberate breaths will help you calm down and bring your awareness to your breathing instead of your symptoms. Relax Your Body Itâs difficult, if not impossible, to be anxious when your body is relaxed. Letting go of tension throughout your body can really help you remain calm during a panic attack.?? When panic starts to set in, start with your breathing exercise and simply take a few deep breaths. Then bring your attention to how your body feels. Mentally go through each area of your body, and intentionally relax that area. For instance, notice how your face, shoulder, and neck feel. Relax your forehead. Soften your eyes and brows. Let go of tension around the mouth, jaw, and neck. Roll your shoulders back and allow them to rest. If you become distracted when trying to relax, gently bring your attention back to your breath and start again. Continue to go through each muscle group, making your way down to your center, your arms, hands, legs, and feet. When you are finished, take a few breaths and repeat, this time starting at your feet and making your way back up to the crown of your head, releasing deeper with each breath. Use a Distraction When panic attack symptoms set in, it can feel like your fear and apprehension are going to spiral out of control. When feeling overwhelmed with anxiety, try to distract your attention away from your physical experience.?? For instance, it may be helpful to talk to a person you are with or call someone on your cellphone. You may need to leave where you are and try your breathing and muscle relaxation exercises in an area away from where the panic symptoms began. Mental distractions can also help you escape your panic symptoms. Counting can be a simple and easy refocus. You can even use counting with your breathing technique, mentally totally each breath. For example, inhale deeply and exhale slowly, counting one. Next, repeat a cycle of breath and count two. Keep repeating until your panic subsides. You can also shift your focus by repeating positive affirmations to yourself. During a panic attack, you may think to yourself âIâm scared,â âI canât get through this,â âPeople probably think Iâm insane.â Replace these types of thoughts with more encouraging statements. Try to repeat to yourself affirmations, such as âEven though I feel scared, I accept myself,â âI will get through this,â or âI am strong.â Follow Your Treatment Plan If you have been experiencing persistent panic attacks, make sure you discuss your symptoms with your doctor. Panic attacks are rarely associated with a serious health issue, but your clinician will be able to rule out the possibility of different mental health and medical conditions. Depending on your symptoms and needs, your treatment plan may include prescribed medication and psychotherapy. Your doctor will be able to assist you in using effective ways to cope with your panic attacks. Take Care of Yourself Aside from coping with panic attacks, you may need to make some lifestyle changes to lower your overall feelings of stress and anxiety. Relaxation techniques, such as meditation and yoga, can help you reduce your anxiety. To become more calm and relaxed, try to include relaxation techniques and part of your routine. Plus, through regularly practicing these techniques when you are not highly anxious, you may be better prepared to use them when panic strikes. Take time for self-care by participating in activities that bring you a sense of balance, relaxation, and wellbeing. For example, regular exercise has been found to help lower stress and anxiety levels.?? You may want to consider a variety of activities you can participate in to boost your physical self-care, such as walking, dancing, or biking. Also, consider other areas of life that you can incorporate into your self-care routine, such as hobbies, nutrition, or spirituality. Tending to your needs and nurturing your sense of wellness can help you be better equipped to deal with your panic and anxiety symptoms. Track Your Progress When you have started to work on managing your panic attacks, it can be beneficial to start tracking your progress. This can be done through the use of a panic diary, personal journal, or mood and anxiety chart. Write down potential triggers, successes, and setbacks. Keeping a record of your progress can help you determine what has been working for you and where there may be more potential for growth. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-71498656951578615592020-05-24T13:25:00.001-07:002020-05-24T13:25:04.134-07:00Swot Analysis - 1856 Words MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHONLOGY MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS PLAN (NESTLE KOKO KRUNCH) DRAFT I ââ¬â THE INDUSTRY BONGALOS, ALEXIS S. ROJO, JOHN EMMANUEL S. EMG 111 ââ¬â B1 PROF. MARVIN I. NORONA I. THE INDUSTRY A. Industry Definition: Nestlà © Koko Crunch is in the Food Processing Industry. This is where the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients such as goodness of whole grain and it provides eight essential minerals, plus iron and calcium into food to the consumption by humans. In the Koko Crunch it is a food processed with typical refined grains, like white rice and plain white bread, strip out the other parts of the grain. It uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦3. Porterââ¬â¢s 5-Forces Model of Competition Porterââ¬â¢s Five Forces Analysis Competitive Force Magnitude of Force Conclusion Intensive of Rivalry Relatively strong Reduces profit potential of the industry. Supplier Power Moderately strong Increase profit potential of the industry. Buyer Power Relatively strong Reduces profit potential of the industry. Threat of Substitutes Moderately strong Reduces profit potential of the industry. Threat of New Entrants Relatively Weak Somehow increase profit potential of the industry. Overall Conclusions Most of the forces are moderately strong, which stables the profit potential of the industry. a) Intensive of Rivalry: â⬠¢ A lot of Company in the food processing industry also offers cereal products. E.g. Cinnamon Crunch Crispix ââ¬â Kelloggs, Choco Crunch ââ¬â Quaker Oats, Oatmeal Crisp ââ¬â General Mills etc. b) Supplier Power: â⬠¢ Nestlà © Koko Crunch has its wide coverage in terms of its supplies. It is in all supermarkets. c) Buyer Power: â⬠¢ This cereal is for all ages but this requires teeth to eat. This is best for kids and teenagers because they love the taste and good for the adults because it has calcium. d) Threat of Substitutes: â⬠¢ Koko Crunch has its leveling price. That is why; there are a lot of substitutes that can be bought by the customers. e) Threat of New Entrants: â⬠¢ A new product of some other industries is not really a threat. Some customers are afraid to taste such new products for they are not sure if the taste is good.Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Swot And Swot Analysis738 Words à |à 3 Pagesknown as SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis is business analysis method that business can use for each of its department when deciding on the most perfect way to increase their business and future growth. This procedure identifies the internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are in the markets. SWOT analysis helps you decide your position against your competitors, identifies best future opportunities, and highlight current and future threats. SWOT analysis is an acronymRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot1223 Words à |à 5 PagesOnStar ââ¬â SWOT Analysis To help OnStar determine if home monitoring services should be added to its list of products and services, a SWOT analysis should be completed. A SWOT analysis is a situation analysis or tool used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization (SWOT Analysis Definition | Investopedia, 2005). Thus, it is a basic straightforward model that determines what an organization, like OnStar, can and cannot do, as well as determines its opportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot911 Words à |à 4 Pages SWOT Analysis In the article ââ¬Å"SWOT analysisâ⬠Harmon (2015) offered a definition for SWOT analysis, the purpose of the SWOT analysis, the advantages of performing a SWOT analysis, and outlined and discussed the four components of the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is a planning and brainstorming tool that helps people evaluate an idea or project for a business or formulate a business plan (Harmon, 2015). It should be noted that SWOT analysis is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, OpportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1081 Words à |à 5 PagesSWOT Analysis: A SWOT analysis (SWOT matrix) first used by Stanford Research Institute during 1960-1970 and it was presented by Mr. Albert S. Humphrey a American business and management consultant by using data from fortune 500 companies. We can succeed in our life if we use our talents to our full extent. Similarly, weââ¬Ëll have some problems if we know our weakness are, and if we manage these weaknesses so that we donââ¬â¢t matter in the work we do. To understand more about our self and our externalRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1708 Words à |à 7 Pages A SWOT analysis is ââ¬Å"a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture.â⬠(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT analysis, 03/11/14). A swot analysis can also be used to examine a personââ¬â¢s attributes. The strengths and weaknesses usually are internal factors whereas threats and opportunities are mainly external. Advantage Disadvantage Internal Strengths 1. Self-motivated 2. I am organised; accurate and pay attentionRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot2320 Words à |à 10 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the companyââ¬â¢s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis, which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selectedRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot852 Words à |à 4 PagesStrength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, commonly known as a SWOT analysis is used by businesses. Organizations use the SWOT analysis technique to figure out and understand their areas of strong suits (strengths), their inevitable flaws (weaknesses), prospects that the organization could look into (opportunities) a nd things that pose as intimidations to the organization (threats). There are many obstacles to overcome when it comes to international expansion. Obstacles such as; language andRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1957 Words à |à 8 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the companyââ¬â¢s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selected marketsRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Swot1215 Words à |à 5 PagesThe SWOT analysis was originally introduced by Andrews Christiansen, Guth and Learned in 1969 and its basic organizing principles have remained largely unchanged in the field of str ategic management. [BADEN-FULLER, C. H. A. R. L. E. S., STOPFORD, J. (2002). The Firm Matters More than the Industry. Strategy for Business: A Reader, 123.] It is a systematic framework which helps managers to develop their business strategies by appraising their internal and external determinants of their organizationââ¬â¢sRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Swot1888 Words à |à 8 PagesThe SWOT analysis, a strategic planning tool was developed by Albert Humphrey in the 1960ââ¬â¢s and 1970ââ¬â¢s. Albert is said to have come up with this strategic planning tool through the use of data the Fortune 500 companies in the United States of America at that time (Lancaster Massingham, 2011). A SWOT analysis determines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which are a relevant part of any organization especially the ones that get involved in new ventures. This tool assists the users Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-40274581692389374512020-05-13T19:26:00.001-07:002020-05-13T19:26:03.448-07:00Performance Appraisals and Motivation Theories - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4201 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This chapter served as the groundwork for the development of this study. An overview of the extensive historical research on related topics is provided. The literature review is divided into two categories where the first dwells on literatures pertaining on the subject of Performance Appraisals and the second category focuses on motivation theories and their relevance in the Performance Appraisal System. 2.2 Performance Appraisal System 2.2.1 Meaning of Performance: Different authors have differing ideas about what performance actually is. Lebas (1995) defines performance as undertaking a particular action to successfully complete set goals, taking into consideration the given time frame and constraints of the performer and the situation. On the other hand, performance can be demarcated by comparing actual results attained to results that were expected (Dess and Robinson, 1984). According to Brumbrach (1988, cited in Armstrong, 2000): Performance means both behaviours and results. Behaviours emanate from the performer and transform performance from abstraction to action. Not just the instruments for results, behaviours are also outcomes in their own right the product of mental and physical effort applied to tasks and can be judged apart from results.à [1] The above definition considers performance to be involving both the actions taken during the process in attempting to achieve goals and outputs obtained as a result of the effort put. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance Appraisals and Motivation Theories" essay for you Create order 2.2.2 Performance Management System (PMS) Following the definition of performance given by Brumbrach, Armstrong (2000) highlights the importance and need for superiors to manage employees performance. To determine if performance has been succeeded, techniques have to be developed to appraise the accomplishments. Performance Management (PM) is one of the ways to manage workers performance today in many organisations. Noe et al (2006) define performance management as a practice used by managers to make sure that employees actions and outputs delivered are consistent with the organisations goals. The concept of PM was first coined by Beer and Ruh in 1976. However, it is barely in the mid 1980s that it had been known as a distinctive approach. PM since then has contributed a lot in the advancement of Human Resource Management. The concept is widely being used in organisations with a view to obtain better results and improved performances from the workforce. Goals and standards are being planned well beforehand in orde r to get satisfied outcomes. 2.2.3 Performance Appraisal System (PAS) Performance Appraisal System is a component of PM. Also known as performance review, it formally documents the achievements of an individual with regards to set targets. Managing employees performance can be said to be as important as any other work that all managers execute during the year. Grote (2002) describes performance appraisal as a formal management tool that helps evaluate the performance quality of an employee. Schneier and Beatty as cited in Patterson (1987) define it as a process which apart from evaluating also identifies and develops human performance. According to Karol (1996) performance appraisal includes a communication occasion planned between a manager and an employee for the main purpose of assessing that employees previous performance and establishing ways for further improvement. 2.2.4 History of PAS The history of performance appraisal is fairly concise. Appraisal really began with the Second World War where it was used to assess outcomes. Performance appraisal was seen in the industry in early 1800. Randell (1994) identified its use in Robert Owens use of silent monitors in the cotton mills of Scotland. The Silent monitors were in terms of blocks of wood with different colours painted on each visible side and it was hung above each employees work station. At the end of the day, the block was turned so that a particular colour, representing a grade of the employees performance, could be seen by everyone. (Weise and Buckley, 1998) Subjective evidence indicates that this practice had a facilitating influence on subsequent behavior. Spriegel(1962) and Weise and Buckley(1998) affirm that by the early 1950s, 61 per cent of organisations regularly used performance appraisals, compared with only 15 per cent immediately after World War II. DeVries et al. (1981) pointed out th e primary tool to be the trait-rating system, which focused on past actions, using a standard, numerical scoring system to appraise people on the basis of a previously established set of dimensions. The main tool, used under here was trait rating system. The concept of Management by Objective (MBO) was first proposed by Peter Drucker in 1954. Mcgreror then used it in the appraisal process in the year 1957. He suggested that, employees should be appraised on the basis of short-term goals, rather than traits, which are jointly set by the employee and the manager. Weise and Buckley (1998) affirm that this method was very advantageous as it lead to a transformation of a managers role from being a judge to a helper. It also showed that employees productivity ultimately leads to performance. However, when employees performance was measured on the basis of units, then MBO was ineffective. This lead to new development in the appraisal process and the employees were evaluated on the ba sis of behaviour based rating. Smith and Kendall (1963) designed the first tool to focus on behaviors and it was the Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS). 2.1.5 Modern Appraisal Todays performance appraisal process has evolved into a more planned and formal process. It is used as a means which helps identify and compare employees performances. The appraisals data are frequently being used to review several Human Resources decision. It can determine any need for career developments and trainings. For issues such as raise in salaries, rewards and promotions, employers are more and more making use of the appraisals results. Appraisals have now developed into a regular and intervallic system in organizations, normally carried out at least once a year. When talking about the modern approach to appraisal, the term feedback cannot be ignored. The one-to-one discussion between supervisors and subordinates gives rise to feedback and is referred to as the feedback process. This process can improve communication all through the organization but also it can reinforce employees relationships with their superiors. This is so as the workers have the feeling that they do matter to the organization and that their needs are being taken into consideration. The performance appraisal system has most likely become a future-oriented approach as it aims to improve future performances by considering present problems. 2.1.6 Purposes of PAS The most known purpose of performance appraisal is to improve performance of individuals. Cummings and Shwab (1974) held that performance appraisal has basically two important purposes, from an organizational point of view and these are: 1. The maintenance of organizational control 2. The measurement of the efficiency with which the organizations human resources are being utilized. Still, there are also a variety of other declared purposes for appraisal as per Bratton and Gold (2003) and Bowles and Coates (1993) and some are; improving motivation and morale of the employees, clarifying the expectations and reducing the uncertainty about performance, determining rewards, identifying training and development needs, improving communication, selecting people for promotion, discipline, planning corrective actions and setting targets. Furthermore, Bowles and Coates (1993) conducted a postal survey of 250 West Midland companies in June 1992, where organizations were asked ques tions pertaining to the use of Performance management in the organization. These questions included the apparent purpose of PA in the management of work, its strengths and weaknesses. Through their survey they found out that PA was beneficial in the following ways: PA was favorable in developing the communication between employer and employee It was useful in defining performance expectations It helped identified training needs. Performance appraisal can thus be used as an effective tool to improve employees job performance by identifying strengths and weaknesses, meeting of targeted goals and providing training if needed. 2.1.7 Techniques of PAS There are several commonly used techniques of performance appraisal as reviewed by Oberg (1972). They are as follows: Essay Appraisal, Paired Comparison, Graphic Review Scale, Weighted Checklist, Person to Person Rating, Forced Ranking, Critical Incidents. The above techniques were the traditional ones but the methods most widely used today are: Management by Objectives Employees are requested to put up their own performance objectives. They are then judged through these objectives by verifying whether they were satisfied or not. However, in many cases organizations themselves set their standards and goals even after consulting employees. 360 Degree Feedback 360 Degree Feedback is a process in which employees receive private and anonymous feedback from the people who work around them. Kettley (1997) says that when an individual receives feedback from different sources of the organization, including peers, subordinate staff, customers and themselves, the proce ss is called 360 degree feedback or appraisal. The employee is then assessed using those received feedback. 2.1.8 Feedback Feedback about the effectiveness of an individuals behavior has long been recognized as essential for learning and for motivation in performance-oriented organizations. Ilgen et al. (1979) stated that feedback is considered as an important tool in performance appraisal process. Feedback can be a useful tool for development, especially if it is specific and behaviorally oriented, as well as both problem-oriented and solution-oriented according to Murphy and Cleveland (1995). One of the basic purposes of formal appraisal process is the provision of clear and performance based feedback to employees. Carroll and Scheiner( 1982) affirmed that some organisations use feedback as a development tool, while in some organizations it is used for merit evaluation and compensation adjustment. McEvoy and Buller(1987), Wohlers and Gallagher( 1990) contributed that feedback is very essential for the employees because it forms a baseline for the employees which help them to get a review of their pas t performance and chance to improve their skills for the future. Ashford (1986) says that when feedback is considered as a valuable resource, then only the individuals feel motivated to seek it, which helps in reducing uncertainty and provides information relevant to self-evaluations. There is also evidence that performance feedback (if given appropriately) can lead to substantial improvements in future performance (Guzzo et al., 1985; Kopelman, 1986; Landy et al., 1982) Fedor et al. (1989); Ilgen et al. (1979) identified that it is commonly accepted that negative feedback is perceived as less accurate and thus less accepted by recipients than positive feedback. Furthermore, Fedor et al. (1989) found that negative performance appraisal feedback was less accepted and perceived as less accurate than positive performance appraisal feedback. 2.1.9 Views Organisations Employees have on P.A.S Evans (1986) asserts that many employees believe that their promotion or salary increments depend mostly on their performance. Employees therefore are in a dilemma and consider this situation as survival of the fittest. They know for a fact that, their performance will only be taken into consideration at the end of the day. So, in order to grow in the company they need to be proactive towards their work. The feedback the employee receives from his superior, may simply describe the level of performance achieved. Hence, it becomes important for the managers to conduct the appraisal technique correctly. Employees can only accept criticism if it is useful and important to them. Managers should therefore know how to give information regarding progress made in performance and how to present criticism as well. Meyer et.al (1965) carried out a study in General Electric Company where certain points relating to performance feedback was highlighted. In this study, 92 employees were appr aised by their managers on two occasions over two weeks. The study was carried out using questionnaires, interviews and observation. The first appraisal highlighted performance and salary while the second one underlined performance and improvement. It was observed that lots of criticisms were pointed out by the managers, which lead to defensive behaviour of the employees. The conclusion of the study was that criticism leads a negative impact on the motivation and performance of the employees. Also feedback sessions designed to improve performance should not at the same time consider salary and promotion issues. Ilgen et. al (1979) add that employees who believe that the appraisal system is under any kind of bias, are most likely to be dissatisfied by their work and can also leave their jobs. On the other hand Murphy and Cleveland highlighted one possible reason for the widespread dissatisfaction with performance appraisal in organization as the systems used by these help neith er them nor their employees in meeting the desired goals. Landy et al. (1978) and Tang and Sarsfield-Baldwin (1996) found evidence that the assignment of raters influences perceptions of fairness and accuracy in performance appraisals and hence about the whole process itself. Nevertheless, according to Jacobs, Kafry Zedeck (1980) employees perceive PA to give them a proper understanding of their duties and responsibilities towards the organization. Likewise, organization sees it as a tool to assess employees on a common ground and one which helps in salary and promotions decisions, training and development programs. In many circumstances appraisal plans are interpreted by managers as a system that helps an organization to change regular priorities and usual ways of working and in so doing to alter its strategic direction. Hence, in circumstances where change cannot be attained by managerial proclamation, appraisal takes on the character of an engine of change. When manager s look at appraisal from this angle they hope that it will bring about a change in strategic direction and organizational behaviour. Researchers have suggested that reaction to performance appraisal is critical to the acceptance and use of a performance appraisal system (Bernardin Beatty, 1984; Cardy Dobbins, 1994; Murphy Cleveland, 1995). Reactions may even contribute to the validity of a system (Ostroff, 1993). Cardy and Dobbins (1994) suggest that with dissatisfaction and feelings of unfairness in process and inequity in evaluations, any performance appraisal system will be doomed to failure (p. 54). Murphy and Cleveland (1995) stated that reaction criteria are almost always relevant, and an unfavorable reaction may doom the carefully constructed appraisal system. 2.1.10 Benefits of PAS Possibly the most important benefit of appraisal is that, in the rush and pressure of todays working life, it allows the supervisor and subordinate to have time out for a one-on-one discussion of indispensable work problems that might not otherwise be addressed. Likewise, the existence itself of an appraisal system indicates to employees that the organization is genuinely concerned with their individual performances and advancement. This only can have a positive impact on the employees sense of worth, commitment and belonging. Appraisal offers the rare chance to focus on employment activities and objectives, to spot and correct existing problems and to enhance favorable future performance. Thus the performance of the whole organization is improved. Performance appraisal usually provides employees with acknowledgment for their work efforts, if any and as a result it brings them satisfaction. Actually, there are facts supporting that human beings will even prefer negative re cognition in rather than no recognition at all. During performance appraisals, feedbacks are obtained. These provide vital information on whether training and development needs should be considered. The presence or lack of working skills, for example, can become very obvious. The supervisor and subordinate can thus agree upon any demand for training. As far as the organization is concerned, the overall appraisal results can provide a regular and efficient training needs audit for the organization as a whole. The information obtained from appraisals can also give indication on an organizations recruitment and selection practices. This can be done by screening the performance of recently hired workers. The general quality of the workforce can also be monitored by assessing any improvement or decline performances. Changes if needed in the recruitment strategies can then be considered. 2.1.11 Criticisms related to P.A.S There are several problems in the actual performance appraisal primarily due to rater bias. Some supervisors are too lenient and thus have a tendency to rate all employees positively rather than really measuring their performance. Another problem is the central tendency where supervisors position the majority of the employees in the center of the performance scale, even though they deserve a better or worse grade. The halo effect is another error usually made during appraisals. This arises when a supervisors general feeling about an employee influences the overall judgment. Performance appraisal systems are at times criticized for weaknesses in the system design itself. Sometimes they assess the wrong behaviours or consequences, or focus on employees personality instead of on their work performances. Very often standards for appraising employees are not related to the work itself. As a consequence employees may not likely be interested in such a system where performance stand ards are unsuccessful in highlighting important aspects of the jobs. Some organizations founds that PAS is a constant cause of tension, since evaluative and developmental concerns come often into disagreement. It is said that the appraisal can serve only one of them at a time. Also they find it dehumanize and demoralize to pass on judgments which then become source of apprehension and stress to employees. Many researchers such as Derven (1990) expressed doubts about the effectiveness and dependability of the appraisal process. Some found the process to be imperfect in nature. Moreover, Gabris Mitchell (1989) found a disturbing bias in the appraisal process called the Matthew Effect. It is said to take place in cases where employees keep on receiving the same evaluation each year. This denotes that there is the belief that if an employee has work well, he or she will continue on that pace. The Matthew Effect advocates that even if employees struggle to do well, their past a ppraisal reports will discriminate their future progress. Accuracy is important in appraisals. However for raters to appraise employees accurately, they should give unbiased results. Unfortunately accurate ratings are quite impossible as researchers affirm that personal liking, look, former impressions, gender and race will certainly manipulate appraisals, that is, there will always be some kind of biasness. 2.1.12 Conclusion about PAS There are various schools of beliefs as to the validity and reliability of performance appraisals. While Derven (1990) doubts about its dependability, Lawrie (1990) finds it to be the most important aspect of organizations. A recent survey concluded that more than fifty per cent of the workforce wishes that their supervisors list the performance objectives much more specifically and clearly. The same survey revealed that 42 per cent of the employees were rather disappointed their organisations performance appraisal system. Many supervisors make the wrong use of appraisal. They use it as a punitive tool rather than helping their subordinates to improve their performance and overcome work problems. According to Shelley Riebel, as in the Detroit News (April 11, 1998) often managers are unsuccessful to explain what they really expect from their employees and fail to well describe the criteria used for assessing their performance. The data obtained during the appraisal proce ss should be wisely used and considered. Still, for performance appraisal to be successful, it is important to carry it out on a regular and consistent basis. This will allow supervisors to follow and review employees work. Raters often make the mistake of emphasizing too much on mistakes committed by the employees. Rather, if ever some problem is spotted by the supervisor, the issue should be discussed with the employee concerned and both should try work on a solution. 2.2 Motivation Performance Appraisal System 2.2.1 Introduction to Motivation Motivation can be defined as the driving force that moves us to pursue a certain goal, or trigger a particular action. It can be considered as the desire within a person causing him or her to act. People generally act for a motive and that is to achieve a specific objective. Two main types of motivation have been noted, namely intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes from the inner self while extrinsic motivation arises when external factors require one to perform something. According to Passer and Smith (2004) the concept motivation refers to a course of action that influences the determination, direction and dynamism of goal-directed behaviour. Similarly, Kreitner and Kinicki (2007) assert that motivation represents psychological practices that stimulate voluntary actions. In the work context, as confirmed by Coetsee (2003), motivation entails the readiness of individuals and groups to put much effort so as to achieve organizational goals. From the above, it can be construed that there exists no single and general definition for motivation. Yet, Boje and Rosile (2004) regard motivation as an authoritarian ideology, a way to manipulate performance and where visions of self-actualisation need gratification. This view might be too negative to consider, but the rise in capitalism has been driven by high concentration motivation programmes which sometimes turn employees into production machines. 2.2.2 Motivation and P.A.S in Organisation Today Motivation can be the key to a successful organization. It is often claimed that the best businesses have the best motivated workers. Well motivated employees are said to be more productive and perform quality work. It remains however one of the most challenged tasks for managers to motivate their staffs as everyone is unique. A supervisor should strive to tie in the companys goals together with the employees individual goals through performance management. Moreover, the whole performance appraisal process and its result can affect an employees motivation. As highlighted by Cummings and Shwabs (1974), employees performance is the outcome of the employees motivation to perform. In an organisational context, the performance is appraised by assessing the employees aptitudes and potentials to achieve the set goals. 2.2.3 Theories of Motivation related to P.A.S 2.2.3.1 Edwin Lockes Goal Setting Theory A main element for efficiently coaching employees is by using goal setting. Edwin Locke (1968) introduced the Goal Setting Theory whereby employees get motivated to work for the organisation when they are given specific and pronounced goals to achieve. This theory emphasizes that hard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals. Secondly, particular hard goals produce higher level of output and lastly, behavioural intentions lead to choice behaviour. Many, who study the relationship between performance and motivation in organizations, will agree that goal-setting and explanation creates confidence in the workers. By clearly explaining the meaning of the goals, employees will have a clear view on what the organization wants to achieve. Coetsee (2003) affirms that the most performing workers are goal-directed. Set goals allow employees to accomplish organisational vision, aims and strategic objectives. The assumption made here is that when people recognise and unde rstand what is expected from them and how they are to be met, they will be motivated to achieve them within the time-limit. With regard to coaching, goal-setting theory has been used more than any other as a framework to motivate employees to improve their performance. As cited by Cary L. Cooper, Edwin A. Locke (2000), the early work of Maier (1958) and Meyer et al. (1965) emphasized goal setting in the appraisal process. In a study, Latham et al. (1978) found that consistent with the theorys predictions, employee participation in setting the goals resulted in higher performance than assigning them, not because of greater goal commitment, but rather due to high goals being set. According to Dossett et al. (1979), a similar result was observed with Weyerhaeusers word processing employees. Goals and objectives set by the employers and employees should be discussed regularly. Erez (1977) asserted that for difficult goals to result in high performance, sufficient feedback is ve ry important. 2.2.3.2 Behaviour Maintenance Model (BMM) Cummings and Swabs presented the Behaviour Maintenance Model (BMM) to illustrate how people are motivated to perform efficiently in an organisation. This model emphasises on the significance of outcomes in the motivational process. Fig.1: Behavior Maintenance Model This framework shows that goal aspirations results in goal attainment and motivation. When goal attainment is achieved by the employee, it leads to job satisfaction which in turn leads the employee to become motivated. 2.2.3.3 Victor Vrooms Expectancy theory Expectancy theory is an idea that was introduced by Victor Vroom. The theory as explained by Kreitner Kinicki (2007) is based on the assumption that people are motivated to act in ways that will be followed by valued and desired outcomes. The theory says that an employee might be motivated when there is a belief that a better performance will result in a good performance appraisal which will help in the realization of personal goals. The theory focuses on motivation as the combination of valence, instrumentality and expectancy. Valence is the value of the alleged result. Instrumentality is the point of view of an individual whether he or she will really obtain what they want. It shows that successful act will eventually lead to the desired result. Expectancy refers to the different level of expectations as well as confidence regarding ones capability. Employees believe that these create a motivational force and this force can be represented by the formula: Motivation = Valence x E xpectancy The theory focuses on three things: ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¢ Efforts and performance relationship ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¢ Performance and reward relationship ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¢ Rewards and personal goal relationship 2.2.4 Conclusion: Performance Appraisal as Motivator? From the above reviews, it can be seen that no such research has been done to show if performance appraisal really acts as a motivator to employees. Bratton and Gold (2003) and Bowles and Coates (1993) claimed motivation to be one of the purposes of appraisals. It remains unconditional to know whether performance appraisal has a role to play in employees motivation. The research will therefore try to answer the following research questions: Does the Performance Appraisal System affect employees motivation? Does the system affect more a specific category of employees? How do employees perceive the PAS at the MRA? How do employees perceive feedback? Does the level of importance given to the system directly affect the employees motivation? Does the trust put on the appraiser influences the employees motivation? Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-7615328499396617112020-05-06T14:12:00.001-07:002020-05-06T14:12:41.398-07:00Belief in Miracles Mysterious Works of God Free Essays In aiming to discuss the possibility of the existence of miracles, it is important to define to some extent the meaning of what a miracle is. Some people view miracles as being extraordinary acts of an omnipotent God, who ââ¬Å"unilaterally determines some creaturely states of affairsâ⬠¦ providing sorts of goodsâ⬠(Keller, 2007). However, it is often difficult to explain these astonishing acts without a real connection to the proof surrounding the events. We will write a custom essay sample on Belief in Miracles: Mysterious Works of God or any similar topic only for you Order Now Keller proposes a distinction between ââ¬Å"epistemicâ⬠and ââ¬Å"practicalâ⬠miracles, in that the former serves as a kind of miracle which supports the existence of God and miracles without physical proof and the latter demonstrating the actual proven physical existence of God and miracles. In addressing miracles within this essay, it is essential to note the distinctions between epistemic and practical miracles, although the existence of both types of miracles, both unproven and proven, are supported as true. There are not enough intelligent scientists in the entire world to explain the grandeur and complexity of the universe, to capture the forms and functions of miracles in the constructs of human thought and language, and trying to do so will most likely fail. All miracles, both substantiated and understood and unsubstantiated and mysterious, are a testament to the divine nature of God, the explicable and inexplicable realms of His universal reign and intelligent design. In his 1997 article, Woodward discusses the possibility of Godââ¬â¢s intercession, describing peopleââ¬â¢s experiences with the power of miracles. One man portrays miracles as being Godââ¬â¢s answers to his prayers, appeals he requests without knowing the actions God will take. The actions of God following his prayers are the miracles performed, plain and simple. Not every wish is answered in the way he desires, but he has faith that the way in which God responds to him is always and truly miraculous. In a confident statement assuring faith in Godââ¬â¢s mysterious works, he states that he ââ¬Å"trusts Him to have a good answer to his prayers. Thatââ¬â¢s not the same as knowing what the answer isâ⬠(Woodward, 1997). In another personââ¬â¢s story, she and her mother were both connected in spirit and vision, although living miles apart, at the same moment. In desperate appeals for Godââ¬â¢s help, the two women were saved by the grace and peace of God, in their opinions, the mother who was praying on her knees at home comforted by a replacement of fear with security and the daughter who was almost raped saved from her terror by an impulse in the rapist to flee the scene. Personal accounts such as these are qualitative evidence for the presence of God working in the world through miraculous benevolent acts, which could also be described as epistemic miracles. In his 1997 article, Adler describes the lives and opinions of atheists who do not believe in God or the proposed miracles which he performs. As a NASA scientist, Sagan was optimistic about the possibility of life on Mars and the idea of encountering life on Venus. With his disappointment in his own theoretical failures or simply stiff personal opposition to the idea of a God, Sagan has countered many claims about the belief in God and his miraculous works with demands for scientific proof. Sagan claims he was brought to skepticism by his claim that support for religious ââ¬Å"evidence is anecdotalâ⬠, however, he asserts that if there is a God who performs miracles, then it is his ââ¬Å"responsibility to try and know about itâ⬠. Sagan feels as if quantitative evidence for the idea of practical miracles is important, demonstrating the yearning for something predictable and calculated. In his 2000 article, Hefner also describes why he opposes the idea of unsubstantiated miracles. He suggests that God could not possible perform miracles to save some people, because other people suffer and are sacrificed all the time. He concludes that it is ââ¬Å"blasphemyâ⬠to believe in a God who intercedes for chosen people, because that would mean that he allows the others to succumb to destruction. Hefner asserts that if miracles mean that people are saved by faith in their darkest moments, then that is something he can believe, however, if miracles are defined as something which alters the laws of nature to redirect the ordinary course of events, then he contests the idea of miracles. Adler and Hefner both declare that miracles must be able to be proved physically through reliable calculations of natural law. Although some people do not believe in miracles or all types of miracles, there is no doubt that God and his extraordinary works certainly do exist. Although people such as Hefner attempt to reject some aspects of miracles, such as believing that people can be saved by faith yet are unable to be saved by an interventionist God, these dual perceptions of miracles are incompatible. There is no reason why people should be able to save themselves, yet God be unable to save them. If people and God are interrelated, in fact one Spirit, as described in Trinitarian philosophy, then the desires of individuals are most certainly in tune with the grand universal, and vice versa. As the actions of many people cannot be explained with certainty or clarity in many regards, neither can the actions of God through His miraculous interventions. Individuals are able to communicate and intervene in the lives of one another all the time, often without scientific evidence for their purpose, through the will of God, and God participates in this human to human experience. Direct divine intervention in the lives of people is adequately described by the ones who experience it, although often unable to be explained or calculated in highly scientific terms. It makes sense to believe in the joy and salvation which can be transferred from person to person and from people to the divine and the divine to people. Not believing in it is only depressing, and also unverifiable by scientific methods. Works Cited Adler, J. ââ¬Å"Unbelieverââ¬â¢s Quest. â⬠Newsweek, 1997. Hefner, P. ââ¬Å"Why I Donââ¬â¢t Believe in Miracles. â⬠Newsweek, 2000. Keller, J. Problems of Evil and the Power of God. Ashgate, 2007. Woodward, K. ââ¬Å"Is God Listening? â⬠Newsweek, 1997. How to cite Belief in Miracles: Mysterious Works of God, Papers Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-67893295023233260902020-05-05T14:52:00.001-07:002020-05-05T14:52:06.190-07:00Incorporation of Sustainability in Operation Management â⬠Samples Question: Discuss about the Incorporation of Sustainability in Operation Management. Answer: Purpose Sustainable Operation Management involves the efficient management of resources during the OM process (Zahir, 2014). This is the use of environment friendly approaches in all processes. The supply chains, procurement, logistics and other stages of operation require strategies that deal with environmental concerns such as reductions in the carbon factor. OM is a continuous process and the increasing consumer demands often lead to the realization that natural resources in the world have limitations. If every operation uses these resources on a daily basis, it threatens their existence. Further studies reveal that operations, which have an effective plan, strategize using the most competent models of operations. One of these strategies is the lean approach, which involves saving money, resources, and time by reducing the processes(Douflou, et al., 2012). The popularity of this approach has led to its use in the manufacturing sector and service industries. It has principles which emphasi s on a continuous process. The growth of OM as a practice continues to evolve over time capturing more elements. The quest to understand OM has led to different models of sustainable performance. This essay tries to understand the connection between sustainability and the lean principles using joint benefits(Rich Piercy, 2014, p. 304) Key Questions of the Article The article agrees that there is a continuous change in the lean and sustainability approaches. It touches on previous research into the two highlighting a common relationship. With specific reference to the connection between the lean supply chain and sustainability, the article agrees that the two concepts support environmental effect issues. It goes further to discuss the importance of sustainability in lean processes in monitoring supplies creating transparency, implementation strategies, and work force or community relations. The article raises questions of how the terms relate with each other, how to integrate them for mutual gain and economic benefits. It looks at the green aspects of the lean(Rich Piercy, 2014, p. 282) while giving suggestions of its improvement. Most Important Aspect of the article The research article delves into the concept of OM using the lean theory and sustainability. The discussion breaks down the concepts of cost effectiveness and sustainability by identifying its common elements. In a business environment where innovation and market competition rule, organizations incorporate different elements in OM in order to gain best practices. Hassini Surti (2012) agree that metric measurment of Operations provides definitive factors by which theorists can use to define the most effective method. There are theories focusing on industry strategies while others target specific decisions made by organizations. Stakeholders in a supply chain may adopt a unified approach in order to reduce on costs and time. In some cases, customer satisfaction and value addition drive the approach taken. The article brings ways for targeting specific processes through life cycles that analyze gaps in each section. The popularity of the lean principles in the supply chain confirms the connection between sustainability and the lean process because both have similar elements(Govindan, et al., 2017). The key concepts in this analysis are value, operation capabilities, cost, timelines, and management of resources. It defines the process for value creation, forecasting, and inventory using the most effective logistics. Collier Evans (2014, p. 1) define OM as a scientific and artistic approach for the successful delivery of products and services. This supports the article idea of incorporating sustainability without strategy. The optimization of resources defines the performance of an undertaking. It is possible to determine whether a process achieved its goals by measuring the economies of scale. Modern operating systems comprise of technology systems for important elements such as quality, supply chain, and process selection. The article suggest the lean approach, which has a definition for value, waste management and efficiency. Therefore, it is a strategy in itself. The article defines the lean ideology as the use of less in doing more. It translates this to sustainability within the operations(Rich Piercy, 2014, p. 282). Developing management operations using strategies such as the lean systems reduces constraint within the logistics, operations and customer levels. The supply and demand para meters tend to influence production but without proper capacity and facilities or an appropriate framework, this becomes a challenge. The lean principles explain the emergence of China as an economic giant because of its adoption in the business and manufacturing industries(Mckinsey, 2016). Main Inferences and concepts The reasons behind the growth of sustainable production is within the performance metrics. Stakeholders in the business environment recognize its impact across all processes (Esty Winson, 2012, p. 65). The article describes the best approach to the utilization of resources ensures that the economic factors of production do not exhaust the inputs. In logistics, industries and organizations that have a high competitive edge require effectiveness in the management of inventory, supply chains, and safety (Moledena, 2011). The paper looks at performance as an environmental factor and a workplace issues that bring out improvement activities. These are community engagement, information systems integration, changes in strategy, reduction and policy deployment(Rich Piercy, 2014, p. 298). From these factors, only the community and reduction aspects may appear in sustainability. However, the connection between organizational functions makes operations, marketing and financial issues connected . The lean process addresses money issues, wastage in production, inefficient movements, defects, and over processing of goods or waiting in services. However, it does not touch on quality, which is an important part of customer satisfaction. Performance often translates to tangible and perceived benefits. Among these are price reduction, product benefits and customer experience. In a value chain analysis, the value creation may occur within the preproduction as well as the postproduction process. Sustainability and lean may have mutual benefits in managerial strategies but there are challenges its application in certain industries (Rich Piercy, 2014). As an ethical principle, sustainability requires commitment and vision in order to succeed. Operation Management functions involve forecasting, supply management, facility design, technology choice, quality management and purchasing. Sustainability affects all these areas but may fail if stakeholders fail to take an initiative. The article points to the benefits of lean in ensuring that there are returns in form of savings and higher output. Performance needs a standard measure which sustainability does not define in totality. The concept of value relates to the customer benefits and lean may improve the quality through technological advancements. Some customers may not feel the impact of a sustainability plan by an organization. However, the lean principles may translate value through cost reduction as seen in the Toyota produ ction and innovation example(Mesaharu, et al., 2013). This makes a difference between a supply chain process and value chain process. Competent organization decentralize value chains across the processes and the lean process helps to facilitate its creation. This is through minimal costs for improved profits and customer benefits. Sustainability comes in to add the human value or welfare to the process. Assumptions Although Rich Piercy ( 2014, p. 306) insist on mutual compatibility between lean and sustainability, lean is not always agreen approach. Industries in the oil and plastic manufacturing may use the lean approach of using less yet its outcome in gas emissions and release of products in the enviornment is destructive to the environment. The use of inputs verses outputs to measure OM factors differentiates these elements. Besides, some operations such as the transport industry and multinational operations are complex hence require a multifaceted approach. In this case, some stakeholders or departments may succeed with the lean process while others require maximum inputs. Future challenges caused by competitiveness in the manufacturing sector highlight challenges in the implementation of change (Pons Pearce, 2013). When organizations innovate, new practices, structures, tools and techniques come into play. This process is expensive because it might lead to the costly replacements. The a rticle agrees that the application of the lean process and sustainability is effective in manufacturing. However, industries like technology may face challenges using them. Organizations keep changing the leadership and culture in order to provide support for sustainable approaches. Lean principles are effective in the management of tangible products but it has limits in leadership and employee strategies. The article leaves out the Six Sigma is a Total Quality approach, which compliments the lean process(Pacheco, et al., 2015). It feels the gap left by lean in the improvement of products through value creation. It provides the quality standards for classifying processes based on the level of achievement of perfection. The other method left out in the total elimination of wastes is The Just in Time approach. This creates specific approaches to inventory for the highest reduction in costs(Nagano, et al., 2015). All these processes target sustainability and may not fully fulfil their potential independently. An integrative approach is more appropriate because of growing industry and customer needs (Leng Jiang, 2017). JIT, Six Sigma and Lean have the same purpose- to reduce waste and provide the best value for customer satisfaction. They advocate for sustainability, which is about the human factor that involves production with a human factor. It involves the intangible element such as th e customer benefit package (CBP) while lean is useful in both products and service industries. In contemporary organizations, there are numerous challenges. These include technology changes, management of globalizations and the dynamic consumer behavior. Strategic MO is about optimization of resources for the most convenient outcome. Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion, Sustainability and Lean are both OM concepts. The former is a value principle, which has numerous connotations. On the other hand, Lean is a value strategy for creating efficient OM and it is restricted to reduction of wastes and costs. Despite the difference in conceptualization, Rich Piercy (2014) agree that the two mutually support each other. However, it is clear that quality management in OM is difficult to address using simple approaches. The complex nature of organizations, value chains and stakeholder relationships raises doubts about the ability of the tow in ensuring total quality in an operation. Modern OM is about creating a competitive edge in a centralized or decentralized system. This calls for a grasp on customer needs, expectations and standards of value. In order to achieve this, lean helps to leverage the capabilities of an organization. The customer expects value, quality, timely products or services, innovativeness and flexibility. Sustainability justifies the means of the OM plan. It helps to maintain the framework for processes and non-processes. Therefore, sustainability and lean relate with each other through the same dimension but there is an overlap and difference in outcomes. Used as performance metrics, the two have environmental and economic benefits for different OM industries. From the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of lean and sustainability, it is clear that the global organizations are changing. Putting up with technology changes means changes in OM approaches. Operations today depend on hard and soft technologies to improve processes. The role of artificial intelligence gives an assurance of quality and performance. For example, the computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIMS) provides an automated approach to production activities for high performance. Robotic processes, business analytics and Enterprise Resource Planning are some of the modern tools for OM. These have immense benefits such as lowered costs, market segmentation, customer satisfaction, environmental monitoring systems and supply chain management. Some of these tools and devices may be expensive installations in an OM. However, they continue to change OM practices and theories. As a recommendation, technology decisions or scalability has to incorporate technology solutions (Nagano, et al., 2015). Technology tools incorporate the lean principles, sustainability and other approaches in the design, process selection, facility and supply chain management. This maximizes on the potential of an organization in OM. Whats more, technology solutions have customized and integrated applications for specific and collective processes. Stakeholders in competent organizations have already adopted the new framework of OM. This is bound to change because technology is a continuous process hence contemporary OM is not static. Bibliography Collier, A. D. Evans, J. E., 2014. Operations Management. 5th ed. s.l.:Cengage. Douflou, J. et al., 2012. Towards energy and resource efficient manufacturing: A processes and systems approach. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 61(2), pp. 587-609. Esty, D. Winson, A., 2012. Green to gold: how smart companies use enironment strategy to innovate, create value and build competitive advantage. Yale: Yale University. Govindan, K., Padhi, S., Pati, R. Rajeeve, 2017. Evolution of sustainability in supply chain management: A literature review. pp. 299-314. Hassini, E. Surti, C. a. S. C., 2012. A literature review and a case study of sustainable supply chains with focus on metrics. International Journal of Production Economics, 140(1), pp. 69-82. Leng, J. Jiang, P., 2017. The configuration of social manufactruring: a social intelligence way toward service oriented manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Research, 12(1), pp. 4-19. Mckinsey, 2016. The CEO guide to China's future. McKinsey Quarterly, September. Mesaharu, O., Yohsuke, H. Samson, D., 2013. Japanese innovation processes, International Journal of operations production management. INternational Journal of Operations Production Management, 33(3), pp. 275-295. Moledena, S. B., 2011. Al Ain Dairy: Managing demand and supply. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies. Nagano, S. M., Miyata, H. H. Arujo, C. D., 2015. A constructive heuristic for total flowtime minimization in no wait flowshop with sequence-dependent setup times. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, Volume 36, p. 224. Pacheco, D., Pergher, I., Vaccaro, L. G. Jung, C. C. C., 2015. 18 Comparative aspects between lean and six sigma: Complementarity and implications. International Journal of lean Six Sigma, Volume 6, pp. 161-175. Pons, D. Pearce, A., 2013. Implementing lean practices: managing teh transformation risks. Journal of Industryal Engineering. Rich, N. Piercy, N., 2014. The relationship between lean operations and sustainable operations. IJOPM, 35(2), pp. 282-311. Zahir, I. G. A., 2014. Sustainable operations management: design, modelling and analysis. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 65(6), pp. 801-805. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-29816472985595485502020-04-01T18:26:00.001-07:002020-04-01T18:26:02.545-07:00Fun an Finance Essay ExampleFun an Finance Paper The risk premium over and above the risk free rate consists of a number of components, including all of the following EXCEPT A) inflation risk. B) default risk. C) liquidity risk. D) tax treatment risk. 2) At any time, the slope of the yield curve is affected by A) liquidity preferences. B) inflationary expectations. C) the comparative equilibrium of supply and demand in the short-term and long-term market segments. D) all of the above. 3) Nico Nelson, a management trainee at a large New York-based bank is trying to estimate the real rate of return expected by investors. He notes that the 3-month T-bill currently yields 3 percent and has decided to use the consumer price index as a proxy for expected inflation. What is the estimated real rate of interest if the CPI is currently 2 percent? A) 1% B) 5% C) 2% D) 3% 4) A ________ is a restrictive provision on a bond which provides for the systematic retirement of the bonds prior to their maturity. A) sinking-fund requirement B) conversion feature C) subordination clause D) redemption clause 5) A ________ is a complex and lengthy legal document stating the conditions under which a bond has been issued. A) warrant B) sinking fund C) bond indenture We will write a custom essay sample on Fun an Finance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fun an Finance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fun an Finance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer D) bond debenture 6) ________ is a paid individual, corporation, or commercial bank trust department that acts as a third party to a bond indenture to ensure that the issuer does not default on its contractual responsibilities to the bondholders. A) A trustee B) A bond rating agency C) A bond issuer D) An investment banker 7) All of the following are examples of restrictive debt covenants EXCEPT A) constraint on subsequent borrowing. B) prohibition on selling accounts receivable. C) prohibition on entering certain types of lease arrangements. D) supplying the creditor with audited financial statements. 8) The purpose of the restrictive debt covenant that requires that subsequent borrowing be subordinated to the original loan is to A) ensure that certain key employees are maintained. B) ensure a cash shortage does not cause an inability to meet current obligations. C) limit the amount of fixed-payment obligations. D) protect the lender by maintaining its position in the priority of claims in the event of liquidation. 11) ________ is a stipulation in a long-term debt agreement that subsequent or less important creditors agree to wait until all claims of the ________ are satisfied before having their claims satisfied. A) The combination restriction; senior debt B) The senior debt; common stockholders C) Subordination; senior debt D) Subordination; common stockholders 9) To compensate for the uncertainty of future interest rates and the fact that the longer the term of a loan the higher the probability that the borrower will default, the lender typically A) reserves the right to change the terms of the loan at any time. B) includes excessively restrictive debt provisions. C) charges a higher interest rate on long-term loans. D) reserves the right to demand immediate payment at any time. 0) The ________ feature permits the issuer to repurchase bonds at a stated price prior to maturity. A) put B) capitalization C) call D) conversion 11) ________ became popular vehicle used to finance mergers and takeovers during the 1980s. A) Convertible debentures B) Income bonds C) Floating rate bonds D) Junk bonds 12) ________ are bonds that have a short maturity, typically one to five years, and which can be rede emed or renewed for a similar period at the option of their holders. A) Extendible notes B) Putable bonds C) Floating rate bonds D) Junk bonds 13) A feature that gives the issuer the opportunity to repurchase bonds at a stated price prior to maturity is called A) stock purchase warrants. B) conversion feature. C) call feature. D) none of the above. 14) An instrument that give their holders the right to purchase a certain number of shares of the firms common stock at a specified price over a certain period of time is called A) conversion feature. B) call feature. C) Stock purchase warrants. D) none of the above 15) High-risk, high-yield junk bonds have declined in popularity over time due to A) he decline in mergers and takeovers, which these bonds were used to finance. B) a number of major defaults on these bonds. C) the stabilizing of interest rates. D) the declining need of growth capital. 21) ________ of all future cash flows an asset is expected to provide over a relevant time period is the market value of the asset. A) The stated value B) The future value C) The sum D) The present value 16) The ________ value of a bond is also called its face value. Bonds which sell at less than face value are priced at a ________, while bonds which sell at greater than face value sell at a ________. A) discount; par; premium B) premium; discount; par C) coupon; premium; discount D) par; discount; premium 17) The market price of outstanding issues often varies from par because A) the coupon rate has changed. B) the market rate of interest has changed. C) the maturity date has changed. D) old bonds sell for less than new bonds. 18) If the required return is less than the coupon rate, a bond will sell at A) a premium. B) a discount. C) book value. D) par. 19) Jia Hua Enterprises wants to issue sixty 20-year, $1,000 par value, zero-coupon bonds. If each bond is priced to yield 7 percent, how much will Jia Hua receive (ignoring issuance costs) when the bonds are first sold? A) $20,000 B) $18,880 C) $11,212 D) $12,393 E) $15,505 20) The yield to maturity on a bond with a price equal to its par value will A) be less than the coupon rate. B) be more or less than the coupon rate depending on the required return. C) be more than the coupon rate. D) always be equal to the coupon rate. 22) What is the approximate yield to maturity for a $1,000 par value bond selling for $1,120 that matures in 6 years and pays 12 percent interest annually? A) 13. 2 percent B) 8. 5 percent C) 9. 4 percent D) 12. 0 percent 23) What is the yield to maturity, to the nearest percent, for the following bond: current price is $908, coupon rate is 11 percent, $1,000 par value, interest paid annually, eight years to maturity? A) 13 percent B) 12 percent C) 11 percent D) 14 percent 24) Key differences between common stock and bonds include all of the following EXCEPT A) common stockholders have a voice in management; bondholders do not. B) dividends paid to bondholders are tax-deductible but interest paid to stockholders is not. C) onds have a stated maturity but stock does not. D) common stockholders have a junior claim on assets and income relative to bondholders. 25) The advantages of issuing preferred stock from the common stockholders perspective include all of the following EXCEPT A) flexibility. B) use in mergers. C) seniority of preferred stockholders claim over common stockholders. D) increased leverage. 26) Which of the following is fa lse? A) A firms corporate charter indicates how many authorized shares it can issue. B) Preemptive rights help to prevent a dilution of ownership on the part of existing shareholders. C) Firms often issue common stock with no par value. D) The common stock of a corporation can only be publicly owned. 27) Preferred stockholders A) do have preference over bondholders in the case of liquidation. B) do not have preference over common stockholders in the case of liquidation. C) do not have preference over bondholders in the case of liquidation. D) Two of the above are true statements. 28) Regarding the tax treatment of payments to securities holders, it is true that ________, while ________. A) interest and preferred stock dividends are not tax-deductible; common stock dividends are tax deductible B) nterest and preferred stock dividends are tax-deductible; common stock dividends are not tax-deductible C) common stock dividends and preferred stock dividends are not tax-deductible; interest is tax-deductible D) common stock dividends and preferred stock dividends are tax-deductible; interest is not tax-deductible 29) Common stockholders expect to earn a return by receiving A) fixed periodic dividends. B) annual interest. C) dividends. D) semiannual interest. 30) The disadvantages of issuing common stock versus long-term debt include all of the following EXCEPT A) the potential dilution of earnings. B) the market perception that management thinks the firm is over-valued, causing a decline in stock price. C) no maturity date on which the par value of the issue must be repaid. D) high cost. 31) A firm issued 10,000 shares of $2 par-value common stock, receiving proceeds of $40 per share. The accounting entry for the paid-in capital in excess of par account is A) $380,000. B) $800,000. C) $200,000. D) $400,000. 32) A firm has an expected dividend next year of $1. 20 per share, a zero growth rate of dividends, and a required return of 10 percent. The value of a share of the firms common stock is A) 10. B) $100. C) $12. D) $120. 33) A firm has an issue of preferred stock outstanding that has a par value of $100 and a 4% dividend. If the current market price of the preferred stock is $50, the yield on the preferred stock is A) 6. 00%. B) 8. 00%. C) 4. 00%. D) none of the above 34) Julian is considering purchasing the stock of Pepsi Cola because he really loves the taste of Pepsi. What should Julian be willing to pay for Pepsi today if it is expected to pay a $2 dividend in one year and he expects dividends to grow at 5 percent indefinitely? Julian requires a 12 percent return to make this investment. A) $31. 43 B) $28. 57 C) $29. 33 D) $43. 14 35) Nico Corporations common stock currently sells for $180 per share. Nico just paid a dividend of $10. 18 and dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 6 percent forever. If the required rate of return is 12 percent, what will Nico Corporations stock sell for one year from now? A) $187. 04 B) $195. 40 C) $190. 80 D) $179. 84 36) ________ is the actual amount each common stockholder would expect to receive if the firms assets are sold, creditors and preferred stockholders are repaid, and any remaining money is divided among the common stockholders. A) Liquidation value B) Book value C) The present value of the dividends D) The P/E multiple 37) The ________ of an asset is the change in value plus any cash distributions expressed as a percentage of the initial price or amount invested. A) risk B) value C) probability D) return 38) The ________ is a statistical measure of the relationship between series of numbers. A) standard deviation B) coefficient of variation C) correlation D) probability 39) The beta of the market A) is 1. B) is less than 1. C) is greater than 1. D) cannot be determined. 41) As risk aversion increases A) nvestors required rate of return will increase. B) a firms beta will increase. C) investors required rate of return will decrease. D) a firms beta will decrease. 42) In the capital asset pricing model, the general risk preferences of investors in the marketplace are reflected by A) the risk-free rate. B) the difference between the security market line and the risk-free rate. C) the level of the security mark et line. D) the slope of the security market line. 43) The ________ is a weighted average of the cost of funds which reflects the interrelationship of financing decisions. A) risk premium B) risk-free rate C) nominal cost D) cost of capital 44) The ________ is the firms desired optimal mix of debt and equity financing. A) market value B) book value C) cost of capital D) target capital structure 45) Debt is generally the least expensive source of capital. This is primarily due to A) the secured nature of a debt obligation. B) the tax deductibility of interest payments. C) fixed interest payments. D) its position in the priority of claims on assets and earnings in the event of liquidation. 46) A firm has issued 10 percent preferred stock, which sold for $100 per share par value. The cost of issuing and selling the stock was $2 per share. The firms marginal tax rate is 40 percent. The cost of the preferred stock is A) 9. 8 percent. B) 3. 9 percent. C) 10. 2 percent. D) 6. 1 percent. 47) The cost of retained earnings is A) zero. B) irrelevant to the investment/financing decision. C) equal to the cost of common stock equity. D) equal to the cost of a new issue of common stock. 48) One major expense associated with issuing new shares of common stock is A) nderpricing. B) registration fees. C) underwriting fees. D) legal fees. 49) Since retained earnings are viewed as a fully subscribed issue of additional common stock, the cost of retained earnings is A) greater than the cost of new common stock equity. B) less than the cost of new common stock equity. C) equal to the cost of new common stock equity. D) not related to the cost of new common stock equity. 50) Generally the leas t expensive source of long-term capital is A) long-term debt. B) short-term debt. C) retained earnings. D) preferred stock. Fun an Finance Essay Example Fun an Finance Essay The risk premium over and above the risk free rate consists of a number of components, including all of the following EXCEPT A) inflation risk. B) default risk. C) liquidity risk. D) tax treatment risk. 2) At any time, the slope of the yield curve is affected by A) liquidity preferences. B) inflationary expectations. C) the comparative equilibrium of supply and demand in the short-term and long-term market segments. D) all of the above. 3) Nico Nelson, a management trainee at a large New York-based bank is trying to estimate the real rate of return expected by investors. He notes that the 3-month T-bill currently yields 3 percent and has decided to use the consumer price index as a proxy for expected inflation. What is the estimated real rate of interest if the CPI is currently 2 percent? A) 1% B) 5% C) 2% D) 3% 4) A ________ is a restrictive provision on a bond which provides for the systematic retirement of the bonds prior to their maturity. A) sinking-fund requirement B) conversion feature C) subordination clause D) redemption clause 5) A ________ is a complex and lengthy legal document stating the conditions under which a bond has been issued. A) warrant B) sinking fund C) bond indenture We will write a custom essay sample on Fun an Finance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fun an Finance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fun an Finance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer D) bond debenture 6) ________ is a paid individual, corporation, or commercial bank trust department that acts as a third party to a bond indenture to ensure that the issuer does not default on its contractual responsibilities to the bondholders. A) A trustee B) A bond rating agency C) A bond issuer D) An investment banker 7) All of the following are examples of restrictive debt covenants EXCEPT A) constraint on subsequent borrowing. B) prohibition on selling accounts receivable. C) prohibition on entering certain types of lease arrangements. D) supplying the creditor with audited financial statements. 8) The purpose of the restrictive debt covenant that requires that subsequent borrowing be subordinated to the original loan is to A) ensure that certain key employees are maintained. B) ensure a cash shortage does not cause an inability to meet current obligations. C) limit the amount of fixed-payment obligations. D) protect the lender by maintaining its position in the priority of claims in the event of liquidation. 11) ________ is a stipulation in a long-term debt agreement that subsequent or less important creditors agree to wait until all claims of the ________ are satisfied before having their claims satisfied. A) The combination restriction; senior debt B) The senior debt; common stockholders C) Subordination; senior debt D) Subordination; common stockholders 9) To compensate for the uncertainty of future interest rates and the fact that the longer the term of a loan the higher the probability that the borrower will default, the lender typically A) reserves the right to change the terms of the loan at any time. B) includes excessively restrictive debt provisions. C) charges a higher interest rate on long-term loans. D) reserves the right to demand immediate payment at any time. 0) The ________ feature permits the issuer to repurchase bonds at a stated price prior to maturity. A) put B) capitalization C) call D) conversion 11) ________ became popular vehicle used to finance mergers and takeovers during the 1980s. A) Convertible debentures B) Income bonds C) Floating rate bonds D) Junk bonds 12) ________ are bonds that have a short maturity, typically one to five years, and which can be rede emed or renewed for a similar period at the option of their holders. A) Extendible notes B) Putable bonds C) Floating rate bonds D) Junk bonds 13) A feature that gives the issuer the opportunity to repurchase bonds at a stated price prior to maturity is called A) stock purchase warrants. B) conversion feature. C) call feature. D) none of the above. 14) An instrument that give their holders the right to purchase a certain number of shares of the firms common stock at a specified price over a certain period of time is called A) conversion feature. B) call feature. C) Stock purchase warrants. D) none of the above 15) High-risk, high-yield junk bonds have declined in popularity over time due to A) he decline in mergers and takeovers, which these bonds were used to finance. B) a number of major defaults on these bonds. C) the stabilizing of interest rates. D) the declining need of growth capital. 21) ________ of all future cash flows an asset is expected to provide over a relevant time period is the market value of the asset. A) The stated value B) The future value C) The sum D) The present value 16) The ________ value of a bond is also called its face value. Bonds which sell at less than face value are priced at a ________, while bonds which sell at greater than face value sell at a ________. A) discount; par; premium B) premium; discount; par C) coupon; premium; discount D) par; discount; premium 17) The market price of outstanding issues often varies from par because A) the coupon rate has changed. B) the market rate of interest has changed. C) the maturity date has changed. D) old bonds sell for less than new bonds. 18) If the required return is less than the coupon rate, a bond will sell at A) a premium. B) a discount. C) book value. D) par. 19) Jia Hua Enterprises wants to issue sixty 20-year, $1,000 par value, zero-coupon bonds. If each bond is priced to yield 7 percent, how much will Jia Hua receive (ignoring issuance costs) when the bonds are first sold? A) $20,000 B) $18,880 C) $11,212 D) $12,393 E) $15,505 20) The yield to maturity on a bond with a price equal to its par value will A) be less than the coupon rate. B) be more or less than the coupon rate depending on the required return. C) be more than the coupon rate. D) always be equal to the coupon rate. 22) What is the approximate yield to maturity for a $1,000 par value bond selling for $1,120 that matures in 6 years and pays 12 percent interest annually? A) 13. 2 percent B) 8. 5 percent C) 9. 4 percent D) 12. 0 percent 23) What is the yield to maturity, to the nearest percent, for the following bond: current price is $908, coupon rate is 11 percent, $1,000 par value, interest paid annually, eight years to maturity? A) 13 percent B) 12 percent C) 11 percent D) 14 percent 24) Key differences between common stock and bonds include all of the following EXCEPT A) common stockholders have a voice in management; bondholders do not. B) dividends paid to bondholders are tax-deductible but interest paid to stockholders is not. C) onds have a stated maturity but stock does not. D) common stockholders have a junior claim on assets and income relative to bondholders. 25) The advantages of issuing preferred stock from the common stockholders perspective include all of the following EXCEPT A) flexibility. B) use in mergers. C) seniority of preferred stockholders claim over common stockholders. D) increased leverage. 26) Which of the following is fa lse? A) A firms corporate charter indicates how many authorized shares it can issue. B) Preemptive rights help to prevent a dilution of ownership on the part of existing shareholders. C) Firms often issue common stock with no par value. D) The common stock of a corporation can only be publicly owned. 27) Preferred stockholders A) do have preference over bondholders in the case of liquidation. B) do not have preference over common stockholders in the case of liquidation. C) do not have preference over bondholders in the case of liquidation. D) Two of the above are true statements. 28) Regarding the tax treatment of payments to securities holders, it is true that ________, while ________. A) interest and preferred stock dividends are not tax-deductible; common stock dividends are tax deductible B) nterest and preferred stock dividends are tax-deductible; common stock dividends are not tax-deductible C) common stock dividends and preferred stock dividends are not tax-deductible; interest is tax-deductible D) common stock dividends and preferred stock dividends are tax-deductible; interest is not tax-deductible 29) Common stockholders expect to earn a return by receiving A) fixed periodic dividends. B) annual interest. C) dividends. D) semiannual interest. 30) The disadvantages of issuing common stock versus long-term debt include all of the following EXCEPT A) the potential dilution of earnings. B) the market perception that management thinks the firm is over-valued, causing a decline in stock price. C) no maturity date on which the par value of the issue must be repaid. D) high cost. 31) A firm issued 10,000 shares of $2 par-value common stock, receiving proceeds of $40 per share. The accounting entry for the paid-in capital in excess of par account is A) $380,000. B) $800,000. C) $200,000. D) $400,000. 32) A firm has an expected dividend next year of $1. 20 per share, a zero growth rate of dividends, and a required return of 10 percent. The value of a share of the firms common stock is A) 10. B) $100. C) $12. D) $120. 33) A firm has an issue of preferred stock outstanding that has a par value of $100 and a 4% dividend. If the current market price of the preferred stock is $50, the yield on the preferred stock is A) 6. 00%. B) 8. 00%. C) 4. 00%. D) none of the above 34) Julian is considering purchasing the stock of Pepsi Cola because he really loves the taste of Pepsi. What should Julian be willing to pay for Pepsi today if it is expected to pay a $2 dividend in one year and he expects dividends to grow at 5 percent indefinitely? Julian requires a 12 percent return to make this investment. A) $31. 43 B) $28. 57 C) $29. 33 D) $43. 14 35) Nico Corporations common stock currently sells for $180 per share. Nico just paid a dividend of $10. 18 and dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 6 percent forever. If the required rate of return is 12 percent, what will Nico Corporations stock sell for one year from now? A) $187. 04 B) $195. 40 C) $190. 80 D) $179. 84 36) ________ is the actual amount each common stockholder would expect to receive if the firms assets are sold, creditors and preferred stockholders are repaid, and any remaining money is divided among the common stockholders. A) Liquidation value B) Book value C) The present value of the dividends D) The P/E multiple 37) The ________ of an asset is the change in value plus any cash distributions expressed as a percentage of the initial price or amount invested. A) risk B) value C) probability D) return 38) The ________ is a statistical measure of the relationship between series of numbers. A) standard deviation B) coefficient of variation C) correlation D) probability 39) The beta of the market A) is 1. B) is less than 1. C) is greater than 1. D) cannot be determined. 41) As risk aversion increases A) nvestors required rate of return will increase. B) a firms beta will increase. C) investors required rate of return will decrease. D) a firms beta will decrease. 42) In the capital asset pricing model, the general risk preferences of investors in the marketplace are reflected by A) the risk-free rate. B) the difference between the security market line and the risk-free rate. C) the level of the security mark et line. D) the slope of the security market line. 43) The ________ is a weighted average of the cost of funds which reflects the interrelationship of financing decisions. A) risk premium B) risk-free rate C) nominal cost D) cost of capital 44) The ________ is the firms desired optimal mix of debt and equity financing. A) market value B) book value C) cost of capital D) target capital structure 45) Debt is generally the least expensive source of capital. This is primarily due to A) the secured nature of a debt obligation. B) the tax deductibility of interest payments. C) fixed interest payments. D) its position in the priority of claims on assets and earnings in the event of liquidation. 46) A firm has issued 10 percent preferred stock, which sold for $100 per share par value. The cost of issuing and selling the stock was $2 per share. The firms marginal tax rate is 40 percent. The cost of the preferred stock is A) 9. 8 percent. B) 3. 9 percent. C) 10. 2 percent. D) 6. 1 percent. 47) The cost of retained earnings is A) zero. B) irrelevant to the investment/financing decision. C) equal to the cost of common stock equity. D) equal to the cost of a new issue of common stock. 48) One major expense associated with issuing new shares of common stock is A) nderpricing. B) registration fees. C) underwriting fees. D) legal fees. 49) Since retained earnings are viewed as a fully subscribed issue of additional common stock, the cost of retained earnings is A) greater than the cost of new common stock equity. B) less than the cost of new common stock equity. C) equal to the cost of new common stock equity. D) not related to the cost of new common stock equity. 50) Generally the leas t expensive source of long-term capital is A) long-term debt. B) short-term debt. C) retained earnings. D) preferred stock. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-48340296447303135712020-03-07T23:58:00.001-08:002020-03-07T23:58:02.699-08:00Here is How to Make Edible GlitterHere is How to Make Edible Glitter Make your own edible glitter. Its easy and inexpensive and much safer for kids or to put on your face. Edible Glitter Ingredients 1/4 cup sugar1/2 teaspoon liquid food coloring You can use granulated white sugar or any of the crystalline sugars. Avoid brown sugar (too moist) and powdered sugar (not sparkly). Use liquid food coloring because paste coloring is more difficult to mix and may discolor when baked. Mix together the sugar and food coloring.Bake the colored sugar in a 350 F oven for 10 minutes.Store the sugar glitter in a sealed container, to protect it from moisture. Non-Toxic Glitter Recipe 1/4 cup salt1/2 teaspoon liquid food coloring Mix together the salt and food coloring.Bake the colored salt on a baking sheet at 350 F for 10 minutes.Allow the glitter to cool. Store the glitter in a sealed bag or container. You can mix either type of glitter with corn syrup or non-toxic glue for craft projects or stick it to your skin. It also sticks fairly well onto petroleum jelly for use on your lips. Because petroleum jelly is oil-based, it wont dissolve the sugar. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-44900823244490145622020-02-20T15:22:00.001-08:002020-02-20T15:22:03.035-08:00Different Generations of X-ray CT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsDifferent Generations of X-ray CT - Essay Example 1st Generation: Parallel projections Had a single X-ray source and detector cell to collect data for just a single slice. It produced pencil beam and worked via the translation and rotation process. 2nd Generation: multiple detectors They had several detectors and the X-ray source emitted radiations in a wide angle. They would obtain multiple scans multiple projections in a single scan. 3rd: Generation: Fan Beam It had a large array of detectors and would scan in about two seconds. The detector and tube array would rotate around the patient. 4th Generation: A rotating X-ray tube and stationary detector ring It reduced complexity by reducing motions. Eliminated the translation and rotation motion, had a large fan beam, and had about 4,800 detectors. 5th Generation: Electron Beam CT It was characterized by a large ring that circled the patient. They would produce electron beams of high energy and capable of scanning in milliseconds. It would produce 17 CT slices every second. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-57328875188419067962020-02-04T22:00:00.001-08:002020-02-04T22:00:03.226-08:00Business Policy and Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsBusiness Policy and Strategic Management - Essay Example In customer perspective Starbucks strategy to retain market leadership is evident through operations such as brand extension to cater for different palates, setting up shops at diverse places e.g. hospitals, hotels and shopping centers ââ¬â to capture the customers preferred hangouts and so on. In internal perspectives we can see Starbucks improving its processes as it forever seeks to brew the perfect cup of coffee, plus investing in increasing coffee knowledge among its staff and customers alike. Innovation and learning perspective is at the core of Starbuck ever unique coffee blends that result in products such as the Starbuck VIA Ready Brew. Also we notice that Starbucks pursues a differentiation strategy unlike its big rivals McDonalds and Dunkinââ¬â¢ Donuts which are pursuing low cost leadership. Differentiation strategy can only be sustained through continuous innovation. Starbucks has taken several steps to increase its innovativeness and entrepreneurial capability. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-54723778097082943722020-01-27T18:24:00.001-08:002020-01-27T18:24:04.116-08:00Case Study of Diabetes Mellitus and Community Health NurseCase Study of Diabetes Mellitus and Community Health Nurse This paper is going to illustrate a case study, which has been chosen during the two weeks of clinical practicum. It will present the medical history of the patient, focus on current health status and discuss the main responsibilities of community health nurse. H.S is a 74 years old Emirati, female, married and has 3 daughters and 5 sons. She has been referred to health home care setting on 24/2/2011. The patients past medical history included mild intermittent asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, acute gastritis, esophageal reflux, acquired hypothyroidism, generalized anxiety disorder, essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus type-1, chronic diastolic failure, blurred vision and impaired hearing. The patient has allergies from dust and medication like penicillin. Her surgical history was significant for cholecystectomy. Also, she had grafting surgery that done to repair the wound at right forearm which resulted from road traffic accident. Current medications include montelukast (singulair); 10mg orally once daily, steroids 500mg orally once per day, insulin 34 units in the morning and 32 units on evening, and cozaar 50mg once daily. Currently, the patient is suffering from uncontrolled diabetes. The fasting blood glucose ranged from 239-455 mg/dl and the past prandial glucose and bed time glucose ranged from 240-598 mg/dl. This assignment will shed light on one of the chronic disease which the patient has, diabetes, including pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, risk factors, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. In addition, it will illustrate the community health nurse roles regarding diabetic patient. Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide epidemic disease. It is a metabolic disorder manifested by elevation of blood glucose level due to an absolute shortage of insulin production and action (American Diabetes Association, 2004). The two main classification of diabetes are type 1, this type represents insulin dependent diabetes, and type 2, non-insulin dependent diabetes (Meetoo Allen, 2010). Additional types of diabetes mellitus include gestational diabetes, maturity once diabetes of the young, diabetes resulted from cystic fibrosis, and cushings syndrome diabetes (Meetoo Allen, 2010). As our patient is suffering from diabetes type-1, the nurse must understand the pathophysiology of this type in order to provide optimal care. Type-1 diabetes is found to be a result of an autoimmune mediated damaging of B-cells, pancreatic cells responsible for insulin production. Destruction of these cells will lead to insulin deficiency, which will result in increase of blood glucose and glycosuria. Mainly it is symptomatic disorder unlike type-2 diabetes (Meetoo Allen, 2010). Type-2 diabetes is considered silent killer; most people with such disease are unaware because it is asymptomatic in many cases. It is characterized by abnormal insulin production, insulin resistance, and alteration in glucagon synthesis (Casey, 2011). Elevation in blood glucose caused by limitation of insulin in transporting glucose into the cells for energy synthesis. High glucose level enhances insulin production. So that, people with this type of diabetes often characterized by excessive insulin product ion (Casey, 2010). Diabetes symptoms might slightly vary according to the type. Hyperglycemia manifested by a number of symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, in some cases associated with polyghagia; feeling hungry as a result of cellular starvation, and blurred vision. Polyuria occurs when the amount of glucose filtration by the kidney overwhelms reabsorption mechanism (American Diabetes Association, 2004). Fatigue may be presented due to metabolic changes (Casey, 2011). These symptoms could not be severe in type-2 diabetes as much as type-1 (Casey, 2011). Uncontrolled diabetes like in H.S case might lead to unpleasant consequences. These complications include retinopathy with loss of vision, nephropathy; which results in renal failure, peripheral nephropathy with high risk of foot ulcer and cardiovascular symptoms (American Diabetes Association, 2004). There are many risk factors that lead to hyperglycemia. Some of these factors are non-modifiable such as heredity and race factors. Other modifiable factors include obesity, lack of exercise, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular disorder, and high level of triglycerides (Rodbard et al, 2007). Diabetes mellitus accounts for high epidemic percentage throughout the world. The total number of people with diabetes was significantly increased from 124 million in 1997 to 221 million in 2010 (Meetoo Allen, 2010). From a global thought, the highest three countries estimated to have the highest number of people with diabetes in 2000 and 2030 are India, China, and the United State of America. The most affected groups are people between 45-64 years old (Meetoo Allen, 2010). The risk of death for people with diabetes mellitus is twice that among individuals without diabetes of similar age (Rodbard et al, 2007). If patient diagnosed before age 40 years, the average reduction in life expectancy is 12 years for men and 19 years for women (Rodbard et al, 2007). There are a number of diagnostic procedures that have been used to determine the blood glucose level. These strategies include observation the symptoms of diabetes such as polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss (Rodbard et al, 2007). In addition, diabetic patient could be identified with fasting plasma glucose concentration more than or equal 126mg/dl or plasma glucose concentration more than or equal 200 mg/dl in normal status. These measurements taken by using a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (Rodbard et al, 2007). Applying appropriate intervention for patient with chronic disease like diabetes is an essential strategy to prevent any complications that might result from unstable condition (Pimouguet, Goff, Thiebaut, Dartigues Halmer, 2011). The aims of diabetes treatment are to control blood glucose level to reduce the risk of long term complications and to help the patient with diabetes to live normal healthy life (Meetoo Allen, 2010). The choice of treatment depends on the type of diabetes. For instance, patient with type 1 and some cases with type 2, insulin is an appropriate treatment in maintaining nearly normal level of blood glucose (Meetoo Allen, 2010). Unlike type-2 diabetes, in which management processes are based mainly on life style modifications. For example, regular food intake, regular exercise, weight management and limited alcohol intake. Also, oral anti-diabetic agents are used to maintain normal level of blood glucose and to enhance the action of pancreatic cells (Meetoo Allen, 2010). Furthermore, one of the most effective methods which are essential for patients with type-2 diabetes or for people who are at high risk is regular monitoring of blood glucose level .This method helps to prevent acquiring diabetes for people who are at increased risk of hyperglycemia or for those who have poor glycemic control (Grant, 2010). The role of the nurse in delivering community health care is considered an essential part in managing patients condition at home sitting. As nurses working in community care, a number of responsibilities are involved in care of patient with diabetes including assessment and providing optimal intervention (Carey Courtenay, 2008). The nurse is considered the only professional who has a complete knowledge about patients medical status (OReilly, 2005). Effective assessment will enable the nurse to create appropriate plan regarding patients condition and provide best care (World Health Organization, 2001). For optimal care, the community nurse should has enough knowledge regarding patients health disorder include functional limitations, patients medical history, prognosis, physical assessment for all body systems and behavioral status (OReilly, 2005). In addition, it is important to assess other factors that could affect patients health such as safety of living environment, types of dail y living activities, medication awareness and compliance, equipment availability such as oxygen, intravenous therapy, and parenteral nutrition (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2008). For diabetic patient, the nurse is responsible to assess specific factors that might interfere with glycemic control. One of these factors is age- related changes such as physiological functions. For instance, loss of taste and olfactory functions may lead to malnutrition intake. So, that will lead to abnormal metabolism and blood glucose maintenance (OReilly, 2005). Dehydration is also one of the complication that might occur due to loss of thirst perception which affected by age factor. The nurse must evaluate the condition carefully in order to meet the needs (OReilly, 2005). Also, the nurse must assess for the presence of neuropathies, because it increase the risk of fall and infection (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2008). Furthermore, visual deficits and retinopathy must be assessed because the patient may be at risk of taking medication inaccurately and become unable to perform regular blood glucose test (OReilly, 2005). The nurse should ensure that the patient is aware about all medications and being compliance with. Also, identification and investigation of any complications are very crucial to protect the patient from life threatening condition (Diabetes Specialist Nurses, 2007). If the patient has diabetic foot, the nurse should assess the wound, regular dressing must be done and monitor for any further complications (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2008). Moreover, accurate documentation is necessary to ensure patients need correctly (OReilly, 2005). Diabetes mellitus requires regular self care behaviors. Nurse is responsible to teach the patient about appropriate self management (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2008). Physical and emotional stress could affect glycemic control negatively, so patients must learn how to balance among such factors. They should learn daily self care skills to prevent instability of blood glucose. In addition, patients must be aware about good nutrition by following a calorie- controlled diet (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2008). They should know that they might need additional meals and snacks during various exercises or at bedtime to prevent hypoglycemia. Also, patients must have knowledge regarding medications side effects and disease progression. Patients and family members should be taught about the symptoms of both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in order to be able to provide a required care (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2008). In conclusion, this essay has discussed a case study that has been chosen during the clinical practicum time. Mainly, it focused on one of current health problem in which the patient is suffering from, diabetes mellitus. It discussed the pathophysiology of the two types of diabetes, type-1 and type-2. Diabetes is characterized by a number of symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and polyghagia. There are many risk factors might cause diabetes such as obesity and sedentary life style. This paper has also presented statistical information regarding diabetes disorder throughout the world, it found that India is the highest country that account for the highest number of people with diabetes. Moreover, there are various diagnostic methods that are used to identify and investigate patients with diabetes or who are at high risk. Treatment strategies are varying with different types of diabetes. Type-1 is insulin dependent diabetes while type-2 is non-insulin dependent. Diabete s mellitus is considered a chronic disease that required regular appropriate care at home sitting. Community health nurse has a number of responsibilities regarding diabetic patients care include effective assessment and providing teaching plan that help the patient to maintain controlled blood sugar level. Finally, diabetic patients should be aware about daily self care. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-21615919255671553082020-01-19T14:48:00.001-08:002020-01-19T14:48:03.310-08:00Essay on Facing the Consequences in King Lear -- King Lear essaysKing Lear:à Facing the Consequences à à à à à Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear is a detailed description of the consequences of one man's decisions.à This fictitious man is Lear, King of England, whose decisions greatly alter his life and the lives of those around him.à As Lear bears the status of King, he is, as one expects, a man of great power.à But, sinfully, he surrenders all of this power to two of his daughters, as a reward for their demonstration of love towards him.à This untimely abdication of his throne results in a chain reaction of events that sends him on a journey toward Hell, in order to expiate his sin. à à à à à à à à à à As the play opens one can almost immediately see that Lear begins to make mistakes that will eventually result in his downfall.à The very first words that Lear speaks in the play are: à Give me the map there. Know that we have divided/ In three our kingdom, and 'tis our fast intent/ To shake all cares and business from our age, / Conferring them on younger strengths while we/ Unburdened crawl to death. (I.i.38-41) à à This gives the reader the first indication of Lear's intent to abdicate his throne.à He goes on further to offer parcels of his kingdom to his daughters as a form of reward for passing his test of their love: à Great rivals in our youngest daughter's love, / Long in our court have made their amorous sojourn, / And here are to be answered. Tell me, my daughters/ (Since now we will divest us both of rule, / Interest of territory, cares of state), / Which of you shall we say doth love us most? / That we our largest bounty may extend/ where nature doth with merit challenge. (I.i.47-53) à à à à The most signif... ... à à à à à à à à à à à à All of this suffering that Lear endures can be traced back to the single most important error that he made, the decision to give up his throne.à This sin has proven to have massive repercussions upon the life of Lear and the lives of those around him, eventually leading to the deaths of almost all who were directly involved with his abdication.à After following Learââ¬â¢s demise which was brought on by a single wrong turn, one cannot help but wonder what difficult corners lie ahead that may cause similar alterations in oneââ¬â¢s own life. à Works Cited à Bloom, Harold.à Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human.à New York:à Penguin Putnam, 1998. à Boyce, Charles.à Shakespeare A to Z.à New York:à Roundtable Press, 1990.à à Shakespeare, William.à King Lear.à Eric A. McCann, ed. Harcourt Brace Jovanovick. à à à à Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-66517543043506069592020-01-11T11:11:00.001-08:002020-01-11T11:11:04.089-08:00ââ¬ÅIshmaelââ¬Â by Daniel Quinn EssayIn the book Ishmael, Daniel Quinn argues claims about our culture and beliefs through Ishmael, the gorilla. He somewhat effectively argues his claim, I say somewhat because he doesnââ¬â¢t adequately use all three parts of an argument: ethos, pathos and logos. Quinnââ¬â¢s intended audience is very clearly every Taker/human that is living everyday without really realizing the destruction of the environment and society around them. His rhetorical purpose is to show these people what theyââ¬â¢re doing wrong and not necessarily tell them how to fix it, but telling them how they should inform everyone and essentially start a revolution. He does this because the world is very quickly being destroyed by humans because of our lack of energy to do something about it. Quinn puts into perspective how the world is slowly being ruined through the character of Ishmael. The reason I donââ¬â¢t think Quinnââ¬â¢s argument was extremely effective is because he didnââ¬â¢t use very much ethos. In the beginning he used Ishmaelââ¬â¢s captivity in the zoo then the menagerie to give Ishmael some credibility with being able to observe humans from the outside of our world. Ishmael also taught himself how to understand humans which gives him some credibility as being very smart. Quinn does mention a few books Ishmael read to further his knowledge about humans, one being the Bible, but that is about all the ethos he uses. He doesnââ¬â¢t use any ethos while arguing throughout the book to back up his claims which is where I see most of his faults. Daniel Quinn mostly uses logos to support his claims throughout the book. On almost every page there was logical evidence to back up his claim he was currently making. He did this a lot through stories he told that put many things we see every day in a different perspective hence making us think about it in a very different way. For example, my favorite story was the one about the creation of man and he ends with ââ¬Å"then man appearedâ⬠(Quinn 53). Ishmael says the same thing with ââ¬Å"finally jellyfish appearedâ⬠(Quinn 56). He did this to show that creation did not end with man like we previously thought. Throughout the book Quinn uses very few examples of pathos. He mostly tells stories that made me feel guilty, for example on page 80 he discusses how weââ¬â¢ve ââ¬Å"poured our poisons into the worldâ⬠(Quinn 80) and he goes on to say there is almost no way for the world to recover because weââ¬â¢ve damaged it so much. This makes me feel very guilty and angry to the CEOââ¬â¢s and people that have come before me because they havenââ¬â¢t done anything to stop it. There have been people to try but no one has ever stopped drilling for oil and driving giant semi-trucks that are destroying the earth. Quinn doesnââ¬â¢t use pathos often, but the few times he did it was very effectively used. Daniel Quinn presents Ishmaels arguments in a very philosophical style and it feels as though the student, who is never named in the story is the reader. I could really see myself as the student, when he was confused I was often confused as well and I think that is why Quinn never gave him a name because it made it easier to put yourself in that position since we are essentially learning as the student is. I think Quinnââ¬â¢s argument needed more pathos and ethos to be truly effective. He uses mostly logos which is very effective for this type of argument, but there is not much emotion or credibility to back up the logical statements he is making. At times I was angry at society and humans in general because of the destruction and I think if there was more of that pathos it would have been much more effective of an argument for me. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-76231197483947710702020-01-03T07:35:00.001-08:002020-01-03T07:35:03.359-08:00Communicable Diseases And Its Effects - 962 Words Over the years, communicable diseases have created a host of serious problems. These diseases cause physical, emotional, and even financial problems in our societies today. A communicable disease refers to a sickness that passed through the transmission of infectious illnesses. People, food, animals or water can pass many infections from humans to humans or animals to humans. Humans can pass infectious diseases to each other from touching or exchanging body fluids. In 1981, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) marked the official start of the HIV epidemic which became one of the worldââ¬â¢s most deadly communicable diseases (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2015). The widespread of the human immunodeficiency virus has affected approximately 1.2â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Other efforts to help control HIV is to practice safe sex by using condoms, reducing sexual partners, getting tested and checking for other sexual transmitted diseases, never share needles with anyone or use equipme nt that is not sterile. Minimize the amount of alcohol and drugs as it tends to impair the ability to think clearly. ââ¬Å"As a part of its overall public health mission, CDC provides leadership in helping control the HIV/AIDS epidemic by working with the community, state, national, and international partners in surveillance, research, and prevention and evaluation activitiesâ⬠(CDC, 2015, para 1). Environmental Factors The environmental factors contribute to the outbreak of HIV. Culture and poverty appear to play an essential role. The environment in which one lives can determine the education and exposure to the HIV/AIDS virus (Alfsen, 2004). Also, demographics such as age, income, and education, and gender are also crucial in identifying HIV outbreaks. Lifestyles, Socioeconomic Status, and Disease Management The lifestyle has the greatest influence on the management of HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse. The majority of HIV infections acquired through unprotected sexual relations where one partner has HIV (CDC, 2015). The disease management depends on the severity of the virus and what treatments are necessary. Education, household income, and education level are elements of socioeconomic status. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-7842473832452770522019-12-26T04:02:00.001-08:002019-12-26T04:02:04.490-08:00The Long Road Of Revolution During Colonial America The Long Road to Revolution in Colonial America The four major events during the period of 1763-17751 led to the conflict between colonial America and Great Britain are the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act, Continental Congress. First of all, in February 1765, Grenville escalated his revenue program with the stamp act, precipitating a major conflict between Britain and the colonies over Parliamentââ¬â¢s right to tax. The Stamp Act imposed a tax on all paper used for official documents ââ¬ânewspapers, pamphlets, court documents, licenses, wills, shipsââ¬â¢ cargo lists ââ¬â and required an affixed stamp as proof that the tax had been paid. The Act intensified the conflict between the colonial and Parliament Colonistsââ¬â¢ believed that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies. Sons of Liberty stopped stamped papers from being unloaded at docks. Merchants organized a boycott of British goods. They demanded Parliament repeal the Act. In 1766 Parliament repeal the Act. Secondly, Townshend proposed new taxes i n the old form of a navigation act. Officially called the Revenue Act of 1767, it established new duties on tea, glass, lead, paper, and paintersââ¬â¢ colors imported into the colonies, to be paid by the importer but passed on to consumers in the retail price. Dozens of towns begin to boycott of all British-made goods. British Imports fell by more than 40 percent. In 1770 The Townshend Duties are Repealed Under financial pressure from the colonists non-importation policy, ParliamentShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution-Eight Long Years852 Words à |à 4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the American Revolutionary War and the War of Independence, lasted from 1775 to 1783. It stemmed from growing tensions between Englandââ¬â¢s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government representing England, as well as cost sharing imposed on English colonies by successive governments in London for debts attributed to former wars (Foner, 2012). The ââ¬Å"cost sharing â⬠encompassed a variety of measures including taxation on goods produced in the colonies,Read MoreAPWH Ch1306 Words à |à 7 PagesUNIT 1 CHAPTER 1: Historical Thinking Skill Exercise: Historical Argumentation: On pages 26-43 of this text, how does the author explain the emergence of agriculture? What inferences does he make? 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In the HistoricRead MoreCause and Effect of the Seven Years War in America1529 Words à |à 7 PagesThere has been contention between Britain and France for thousands of years. During the 1700ââ¬â¢s this came to a head as Britain and itsââ¬â¢ North American colonies tried to expand in size and trade. This could not be done without intruding on French land. This caused France to take an offensive position alongside their Indian allies against their biggest rival. Britain and its colonies persisted forward resulting in The Seven Yearsââ¬â¢ War or, as some call it, The French and Indian War. The Seven Yearsââ¬â¢Read MoreEvents Leading to the Siege of Boston Essay937 Words à |à 4 PagesColonial America: Relationship with England By 1775, the American colonies stretched from Canada to Florida and had a population of over two million people. Mainly farmers, the colonists worked the land and scratched out a living from whatever means they could find. By this time most colonists were third or fourth generation and had been creating their own industry and economy independent of British influence. The colonists built new homes, roads, and towns and enjoyed the bounty of plentifulRead MoreThe Decline Of The Slave Trade900 Words à |à 4 PagesContrary to belief, Africa prior to colonialism was not economically isolated from in the rest of the world. African states had traded goods from Ancient Egypt, and West Africa. More specifically had developed extensive international trading systems during the eras of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. These huge empires relied heavily on the taxing of foreign trade. These nations were dependent largely on the trade in gold and other various resources, but also on imposing of i mport customs and taxes. FurtherRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Wellington And New York1342 Words à |à 6 Pagesconsequences of similarities and differences from Auckland (New Zealand) and New York (America). Although, these two cities indicates two different urban form. There are similarities at the same time and they shows the general trend of the spread of cities. The industrial revolution happened between 1760 and 1830 that significantly changed the way of production and how people live. It began in England and spread to America in the 1800ââ¬â¢s (Bellotto, 2008). Since then, the improvement of machinery speed up Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-65750005559348229172019-12-17T23:51:00.001-08:002019-12-17T23:51:03.090-08:00EQ is More Important than IQ - 1452 Words In the book written by Daniel Goleman (1995) called ââ¬ËEmotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQââ¬â¢ explains how we have two minds. The emotional and rational mind, and they both operate in tight agreement for the most part. Usually there is a balance between the two, the rational mind mostly refining and time-to-time vetoing the inputs of our emotions. But still, they are semi-independent, each reflecting the operation of distinct, but interconnected, electrical structure in the brain. A major transition between the information that the brain takes in, is the secret pathway to our reactions and actions in many parts of our life. Goleman 1995 explains this transformation between the thalamus, the amygdala and the visualâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Making EQ as important as IQ. A description of the simple call to action: ââ¬Å"Know Thyselfâ⬠is a campaign that targets teens under 25 to spread awareness about Emotional Intelligence. The objective of the campaign is to educate the youth about the positive growth EQ skills provide, once implemented into their lives. The goal is to increase awareness of solutions of EQ and to increase motivation for making and sustaining these changes. Teach self-awareness, recognizing feelings and building a vocabulary for them. Seeing the links between thoughts, feelings, and reactions. Knowing if thoughts or feelings are ruling a decision. Managing emotions: realizing what is behind a feeling (ex: hurt triggers, anger) and learning ways to handle anxieties, anger and sadness. Higher self-esteem. Better understanding of the consequences of their behavior. Less destructive, better in social decision-making. Why Itââ¬â¢s Important: The fundamentals of Emotional Intelligence are: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and the ability to manage relationships- (translate into on-the-job success. (Goleman, p. xv) Teaching EQ skills will help identify, express, and manage feelings especially, impulse control and handling stress and anxiety. Today companies worldwide look through the lens of EQ when hiring, promoting and developing their employees. People with greater EQ are great leader, manage, control their emotions more adequately and exceed expectations. To beShow MoreRelatedEq Is More Important Than Iq2224 Words à |à 9 PagesIS EQ MORE IMPORTANT THAN IQ IS EQ MORE IMPORTANT THAN IQ INTRODUCTION: What is IQ ? What is EQ ? For decades, a lot emphasis has been put on certain aspect of intelligence. This intelligence is called IQ ( Intelligence Quotient ). IQ includes aspects of Mathematics, spatial learning, Verbal, logical reasoning, and memory.Read MoreWhy EQ is More Important than IQ Essay1170 Words à |à 5 PagesWhy EQ is More Important than IQ For decades, a lot emphasis has been put on certain aspect of intelligence. This intelligence is called IQ ( Intelligence Quotient ). IQ includes aspects of Mathematics, spatial learning, Verbal, logical reasoning, and memory. This intelligence could predict to a significant degree of performances and some degree of personal and professional success. However, some people with fabulous IQ scores are doing poorly in their life. They somehow are wasting theirRead MoreIq And Iq Vs. Iq917 Words à |à 4 Pageswhether EQ (emotional quotient) is more important than IQ (intelligence quotient) has become a popular debate. IQ as a factor which defines how smart you are, while EQ defines how well you express and manage your emotion. Cherry (2015) defined EQ as ââ¬Å"a measure of personââ¬â¢s level of emotional intelligence. This refer to a personââ¬â¢s ability to perceive, control, evaluate and express emotionâ⬠, and IQ as ââ¬Å"a number derived from a standardized intelligen ce testâ⬠. This essay will argue that EQ and IQ are equallyRead MoreEmotional Intelligence ( Eq ) And Emotional Quotient Essay1537 Words à |à 7 PagesQuotient (EQ) and how is it different from Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?â⬠Many people know about Intelligence Quotient or IQ and they probably hope to have a high one, but they may not realize there is also something called EQ and it plays a role in peopleââ¬â¢s lives every day. EQ is an important concept to learn and understand because there is a lot of research explaining that it can play a major role in determining if someone is successful in various aspects of life. Exploring this topic in more detailRead MoreIq or Eq1187 Words à |à 5 PagesIQ OR EQ? 1 It was long believed that having high IQ (intelligence quotient) is the most influential determiner of achievement in life, especially in business life. Yet it has been recently discussed other factors like EQ (emotional quotient) seems to be more effective in work places. IQ tests measure a persons cognitive ability compared to the population at large. While IQ tests can be quite predictive of general intelligence, its important to remember that they dont purport to tell the wholeRead MoreEQ vs. IQ1459 Words à |à 6 PagesEQ vs. IQ You are four years old and are seated by yourself at the kitchen table. Your mom places one piece of your favorite candy in front of you. She explains that you can eat it right now, but if you wait while she leaves the room to do a quick chore, you can have two pieces of candy when she returns. She leaves the room. What do you do? Do you grab the gooey goody the minute shes out the door? Or do you patiently sit there resisting temptation hoping to double your treat upon herRead MoreCommunication Skills : An Important Part Of Management1118 Words à |à 5 Pages1998 2007). 5.3 Communication Skill I have a medium communication skill according to the results of mine and comparisons with my teammates. Communication skill is also an important part of management. Good communicating skill means good relationship with fellows in a team, which is very vital and does good to teamwork and high efficiency. At the same time, good communicating helps people in motivating others, managing conflicts and communicating supportively. The reason for these is quite simpleRead MoreEq and Iq2247 Words à |à 9 Pages IS EQ MORE IMPORTANT THAN IQ? I think EQ is more important than IQ for the success or failure of a student in this world. IQs may be based on a students level of knowledge but EQs are the level of a students ability to emotionally judge situations and/or fit into groups by managing their personal interactions. EQ or Emotional Quotient is a measure of your ability to notice and then manage your interior and exterior perceptions of your feelings and then control your reactionsRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Performance And The World Of Academia Essay954 Words à |à 4 PagesEmotional Intelligence Introduction Traditionally, the applicant with the higher Intelligence Quotients (IQs) places first in the employment arena. However, Human Resource Managers indicate that candidates with high IQs, but less than desirable Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ) may be questionable in job performance and the world of academia. The purpose of this paper is to define, discuss, and provide examples of emotional intelligence and theories significant to the subject. AdditionallyRead MoreThe Importance Of Intelligence Testing1581 Words à |à 7 Pagesnumber of children of different ages. (pp. 329-330). In this section of the textbook, the most important contribution to the test was the use of the intelligence quotient (IQ). The formula used to determine your IQ is your mental age over your chronological age times 100, the 100 being the ââ¬Å"averageâ⬠IQ (pp. 329). This gives us the IQ of a person to determine whether they are above or below the average IQ of 100 (Pastorino Doyle-Portillo, 2006, pp. 330). The Binet-Simon scale and the Stanford-Binet Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-49046881957727561182019-12-09T20:32:00.001-08:002019-12-09T20:32:04.179-08:00Muet Essay free essay sample It is normal for people to describe the world now as a dog eat dog world where we sometimes need to literally hurt or harm another just for our own survival or good. Hence, it is not surprising for us to see an increase in crime and lawlessness in our society as we see people harden themselves to commit bad deeds against their fellow humans. Thus it is not wrong to say that most people commit crimes for selfish reasons as most crimes are caused by selfish desires like greed, lust, anger or jealousy. Many people commit crime for their desire for money. Everyday, we read reports of increase in the number of cases of snatch theft, armed robbery and burglary, embezzlement of funds, and cheating. These criminals selfishly think of their own needs and wants, and in order to get easy money without working hard to earn their own money, they selfishly force or coerce and trick others to part with their hard-earned money and possession. We will write a custom essay sample on Muet Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They donââ¬â¢t care if other people or families are affected or do not have enough, they just focus on themselves, what they want to do with the money they have taken by force. Sometimes, because of their love of money, they might just kill their uncooperative victims. In addition, many people commit heinous crimes out of lust. They just want to satisfy their sexual desires and as a result they might force another unwilling party to engage in sexual acts. It hurts our heart when we read of rape cases that happen, especially when they involve young children or even mentally handicapped victims. These victimsââ¬â¢ whole lives are destroyed, and they are traumatized for a long time, but these rapists have no regard for all that. They were too selfish to think about other people except themselves. Lastly people also commit many other crimes for selfish reasons like anger or jealousy. We read reports of how people commit murder during fights or commit road rage or kill someone just to silent those who know their secret or have something that they covet for. Some even kill their lovers who have a change of heart. These murderers are very selfish because they deny someone else the chance to live just for their own interest, survival or anger. They donââ¬â¢t think of the hurt and harm they cause to those who might lose their loved ones because of their actions. Thus, the main driving force behind crimes is indeed selfishness. Although we are imperfect and would definitely seek our own interest, we must not deaden our conscience. If we are so self centered until we are willing to sacrifice others for our own good, we will reap the consequences one day. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-17931716429454663932019-12-02T08:15:00.001-08:002019-12-02T08:15:03.547-08:00Public Sector Ethics Concerns the Moral Requirements of Public Servants free essay sample Government and society cannot promote and enforce ethical behavior solely throughthe utilization of ethical codes of conduct or through the enforcement oflegislation. Communities tend to equate moral values and moral norms with values andnorms, which apply only to personal dealings. Public sector ethics concerns the moral requirements of public servants in that they are paid for and expected to offer the people. In terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996, all government departments are required to be efficient whichincludes observing particular ethical codes of conduct (Raga and Taylor, 2008). In this regard, this essay will be discussing the ethical standards and values expected of public officials in managing public finance by defining what ethics is, recognizing the need for morality and high ethical standards in the public service, identifying the need for ethics in finance and show how ethical standards contribute towards improved service delivery. WHAT IS ETHICS? The question of ethics is one that is linked with the history of mankind. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Sector Ethics Concerns the Moral Requirements of Public Servants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ethics deals withthe character and conduct and morals of human beings. It deals with good or bad, right or wrong behaviour, it evaluates conduct against some absolute criteria and putsnegative or positive values on it (Hanekom, 1984:58). Guy (1990:06), agrees with Hanekom because he views ethics as the study of moral judgements and right and wrong conduct. Furthermore, he views ethics as different from law because it involves no formal sanctions. It is different from etiquette because it goesbeyond mere social convention. It is different from religion because it makes notheological assumptions. It is different from prudence because it goes beyond self-interests of others. Ethics is both a process of inquiry and code of conduct. As acode of conduct, it is like an inner eye that enables people to see the rightness orwrongness of their actions (Guy, 1990:06). The ethical question is closely linked to human existence. The essence of mankind lies in the fact that he/she can reflect upon, as well as evaluate, him/herself and his/herdeeds. Heynes (1986:01), is of the opinion that ethics has to do with the actions of man. Consequently, it requires adjustments in the actions and attitudes of the public managerin relation to his colleagues and the public as well as in relation to himself. According to De Villiers (1989:162), the basis of the evaluation of human behaviour is to be found in a system of values. Ethical values and integrity as a basic value as well asthe rule of law, are key elements of every democratic society. Public officials in theirdaily execution of their functions and management of public funding, dispose ofdiscretionary competencies. These values must not only protect the citizensââ¬â¢ againsthaphazard use of this public power, but also the public authority itself against any improper use of this power by its public officials. The public officials themselves must beprotected against any abuse or diversion of law or authority on behalf of the publicauthority or its official bodies (Hondeghem, 1998:173). The common denominator of nearly all people problems is to be found in the area of values. It is widely recognised that values often differ widely from person to person and from culture to culture. The influence of values on peoples thinking, acting and behaviour is underestimated. According to McMurry (1977:315), the influence of values on the individual is powerful because: (i) They principally determine what he/she regards as right, good, worthy, beautiful and ethical. (ii) They provide the standards and norms by which he/she guides his/her day-today behaviour. (iii) They chiefly determine his/her attitudes toward the causes and issues such as political, economic, social and industrial with which he/she comes into contact daily. (iv) They determine which ideas, principles and concepts he can accept, assimilate, remember and transmit without distortion (McMurry, 1977:315). In addition to the above, it is accepted that individuals may temporarily or permanently discard their value systems in favour of specific goal attainment. The importance of articulating ethics and the values that define and underpin the public service, cannot be underscored. This is seen as critical to providing both public officials and the public with a common frame of reference regarding the principles and standards to be applied and in assisting public officials to develop an appreciation of the ethical issues involved in effective and efficient public service delivery (Hondeghem, 1998:30). An example of the importance attached to the above-mentioned ethical principles is found in the Seven Principles of Public Life by the Nolan Committee in the United Kingdom. The principles below, which are set out for the benefit of all who serve the public provide a valuable framework for evaluating recent experience and consider the future. This should be viewed against the background of the distinction between what is and what to be. Selflessness: Public officials should take decisions solely in terms of the public interest. They should not do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family or their friends. Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties. Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make their choices on merit. Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office. Public accountability rests both on giving an account and on being held to account. All government departments have to be efficient because they have to ensure value for taxpayersââ¬â¢ money. Efficiency encompasses the qualitative and value-laden expectations of the society. It can be argued that accountability is the fundamental prerequisite for preventing the abuse of power and for ensuring that power is directed towards the achievement of efficiency, effectiveness, responsiveness and transparency. Open, transparent and accountable government is an imperative prerequisite for community-oriented public service delivery because without it covert unethical behaviour will result. Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions that they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest demands it. Honesty: Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest. Leadership: Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and example. Ubuntu, which translates to I am because we are, is central to public leadership as it focuses on collective commitment, caring and respect. The philosophy of ubuntu is closely tied to purpose driven public institutions striving to achieve their mission and full potential. It places much importance on concern for people as well as striving for common goals, which are essentially the underlying purpose of public institutions (Fox, 2010). Broodryk (2005:12) says that ubuntu is about the ark of being a human person. Ubuntu values in the same way that religious people strive to be good. It is characterized as the human experience of treating people with respect; humanness, meaning that being human comprises values such as universal brotherhood and sharing, and treating and respecting others as human beings (Fox, 2010). It is also a way of life contributing positively to sustaining the wellbeing of people, the community or society and a non-racial philosophy applicable to all people as human beings. Ethics is rooted in the process of systematic thinking about what is moral, and reaching judgments about wrong and right, bad and good, with the output resulting in behaviors and decisions. All authorities, through to their employees make choices based on their values and priorities. In most cases, the choices that they have to make are not clear-cut, and involve competing values and desired outcomes (Mavuso and Balia, 1999). Any formal, written code, law or regulation is merely a set of guidelines and general principles that individuals are expected to abide by and cannot persuade people in particular instances but instead guide them in a direction that is acceptable by law. This goes on to show that there is a need for employees with good judgment on ethics issues and for the existence of both formal and informal systems of monitoring and evaluating outputs and outcomes of behaviors and decisions. Given the values and priorities framework evolving from the legislation that has been enacted, where policies have been set, and actions have been taken by political leaders, the public sector should further operationalize them and develop implementation plans for them . In this regard, explicit standards that direct public sector activities and tools that are to be used n transforming the structure, process and management strategies, including outputs and outcomes of the public sector have been put in place. In support of the governmentââ¬â¢s agenda through the legal framework, namely the Batho Pele principles and the Constitution of South Africa. The adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996) heralds a significant new phase in the South African local government transitionprocess. In terms of section 40 (1) of the 1996 Constitution, government is constitutedas national, provincial and local spheres, which are distinctive, interdependent andinterrelated. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-30144264529104064472019-11-27T00:48:00.001-08:002019-11-27T00:48:04.066-08:00The Question MarkThe Question Mark The Question Mark The Question Mark By Sharon The question mark is used at the end of a direct question. Example: What is your name? she asked. It may also be used at the end of a tag question, which changes a statement into a question. Example: He left early, didnt he? Question marks should not be used at the end of indirect questions, such as: I asked my mother whether there were any messages. In a sentence which contains multiple questions, you may include a question mark after each. Example: Who saw the victim last? Her husband? Her son? Her daughter? Question marks are also used to denote missing information. This punctuation mark was first seen in the 8th century and was called the punctus interrogativus. There are many theories about the origin of the symbol, which has changed several times before settling on its current form in the 18th century. The Latin for question was quaestio, which was abbreviated to Qo in the Middle Ages. Its thought that the modern symbol represents the Q placed over the O. The term question mark dates from the 19th century. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesBody Parts as Tools of Measurement75 Synonyms for ââ¬Å"Hardâ⬠Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-80279665318414789362019-11-23T08:22:00.001-08:002019-11-23T08:22:02.336-08:00Teaching the Id, Ego, and Superego With Dr. SeussTeaching the Id, Ego, and Superego With Dr. Seuss One of the best secondary classroom crossover units between the discipline of English Language Arts and the courses that cover Psychology- usually through the discipline of Social Studies- is a unit on the National Council of Teachers of Englishà (NCTE)à on theirà Read, Write, Thinkà website.à This unit covers the key concepts of Freudian psychology as a science or as a tool for literary analysisà in a highly engaging manner. The unit is titledà ââ¬Å"Id, Ego, and the Superego in Dr. Seussââ¬â¢sà The Cat in the Hat. Julius Wright ofà Charleston, South Carolina- the lesson creator- usesà the iconic elementary text from The Cat in the Hatà to teach students to analyze a literary work using the plot, theme, characterization, and psychoanalytic criticism. The unit is designed for eight 50 minute sessions. Students will read Dr. Seusssà The Cat in the Hatà and analyze the development of each character from the text and pictures using Sigmund Freudsà personality theories. The students will determine which characters exhibit the characteristics of id, ego, or superego. Students can also analyze the static nature of characters (i.e.: Thing 1 Thing 2) locked in one stage. Wright provides student-friendly definitions and commentary for each psychoanalytic stage in one of the handouts on theà Read, Write, Thinkà website. Freuds Psychoanalytic Personality Theory for Students Wright provides a student-friendly description for each of the three elements of personality: The id is the part of the personality that contains our primitive impulses- such as thirst, anger, hunger- and the desire for instant gratification or release. The id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the other circumstances of the situation. The id isà sometimes represented by a devil sitting on someoneââ¬â¢s shoulder. As this devil sitsà there, he tells the ego to base behavior on how the action will influence the self, specifically how it will bring the self pleasure. Example from the Dr. Seuss text, The Cat in the Hat: ââ¬Å"I know some good games we could play,â⬠said the cat.ââ¬Å"I know some new tricks,â⬠said the Cat in the Hat.ââ¬Å"A lot of good tricks. I will show them to you.Your mother will not mind at all if I do.â⬠Wrights student-friendly description for the Superegoà stage: The superego is the part of the personality that represents the conscience, the moral part of us. The superego develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. It dictates our belief of right and wrong. The superego is sometimes represented by an angel sitting on someoneââ¬â¢s shoulder, telling the ego to base behavior on how the action will influence society. Example from the Dr. Seuss text,à The Cat in the Hat: ââ¬Å"No! Not in the house!â⬠Said the fish in the pot.ââ¬Å"They should not fly kites In a house! They should not.Oh, the things they will bump! Oh, the things they will hit!Oh, I do not like it! Not one little bit!â⬠Wrights student-friendly description for theà Ego stage: The ego is the part of the personality that maintains a balance between our impulses (our id) and our conscience (our superego). The ego works, in other words, to balance the id and superego. The ego is represented by a person, with a devil (the id) on one shoulder and an angel (the superego) on the other. Example from the Dr. Seuss text,à The Cat in the Hat: ââ¬Å"So we sat in the house. We did nothing at all.So all we could do was to Sit! Sit! Sit! Sit!And we did not like it. Not one little bit.â⬠There are many examples in ââ¬â¹The Cat in the Hat, and the personality types may overlap, which encourages healthy debate and discussion between students. Common Coreà Standards Other handouts for this unit include aà Defining Characterizationà worksheet that supports details about direct and indirect characterization, as well as a chart of the five different methods of indirect characterization for students to use in analyzing The Cat in the Hat.à There are also extension activities featured on the handoutà The Cat in the Hatà Projectsà with a list of potential essay topics for an analytical or evaluative essay of characters. The lesson meets specific Common Core standards, such as these anchor standards (for grades 7-12) for reading that can be met with this lesson: Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.Compare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several primary and secondary sources. If there is an essay assigned from suggested topics, the anchor writing standards (for grades 7-12)à for writing could be met: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. Using the Illustrations as a Visual Guide In teaching the lessons, it is very important that each student has a copy of The Cat in the Hatà asà the illustrations contribute to their characterizations of the different Freudian stages. In teaching the lesson to grade 10 students, many of their observations were centered around pictures. For example, students could connect illustrations to specific behaviors: The bland faces of the Narrator and his sister, Sally, at the beginning (ego stage);The manic behavior of Thing 1 and Thing 2 as they fly kites in the house (id stage);The fish out of the water, risking his life to lecture the Narrator and Sally (superego). Literary Analysis andà Psychology Class Students in grades 10-12 may be taking psychology or AP Psychology as an elective. They may be already familiar with Sigmund Freuds workà Beyond the Pleasure Principleà (1920),à The Ego and the Idà (1923), orà Freudââ¬â¢s seminal workà The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). For all students, Psychoanalytic Criticism builds on the Freudian theories of psychology.à The OWL at Purdue website features the commentary ofà Lois Tyson. Her book, Critical Theory Today, A User Friendly Guide discusses a number of critical theories that students may use in text analysis.à In the chapter on psychoanalytic criticism, Tyson notes that: [...]Some critics believe that we read psychoanalytically[...]to see which concepts are operating in the text in such a way as to enrich our understanding of the work and, if we plan to write a paper about it, to yield a meaningful, coherent psychoanalytic interpretationà (29). Suggested questions for literary analysis using psychoanalytic criticism are also on the OWL website include:à How can characters behavior, narrative events, and/or images be explained in terms of psychoanalytic concepts of any kind?What does the work suggest about the psychological being of its author?What might a given interpretation of a literary work suggest about the psychological motives of the reader?Are there prominent words in the piece that could have different or hidden meanings?Could there be a subconscious reason for the author using these problem words? Literary Applications ofà Psychoanalysis After the unit students can take this idea and analyze a different piece of literature.à The use of psychoanalytic criticism humanizes literary characters, and discussions after this lesson can help students develop an understanding of human nature. Students can use their understanding of id, ego, and superego from this lesson and apply these understandings to characters in more sophisticated works, for example:à Frankensteinà and the Monsters shifts between id and superego.Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydeà and his attempts to control id through science.Hamletà and his ego as he wrestles with the dilemma of avenging his fathers murder. All literature can be viewed through this psychoanalytic lens. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-66089795182560788802019-11-21T04:34:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:34:11.799-08:00British Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2British Constitution - Essay Example The Blacks Law Dictionary is particularly elaborate giving the specifics of a constitution. According to the Blacks Law Dictionary, definition of constitution the British constitution applies to this definition to some smaller extent. Most nations have written constitutions, such as constitutions of most modern democracies. The constitution of Britain, by contrast, is unwritten or uncodified. Its traditions are informal and based on several different laws. Unlike other democracies, Britain has no official document that explains the governance of the nation. The lack of a written document links to the British history. Britain never experienced a revolution like other countries, and never had any regime change. Because of this, their constitution continued to evolve for such a long time and this combined with the relative stability of Britain, development of a constitution never occurred. Experts pertaining to constitution usually refer to several laws, treaties and conventions, which they compile to make up a constitution. The several compilations that make up a constitutio n include Acts of Parliament, Treaties, conventions, Royal prerogative, works of authority, European Union law and the Common law. Their constitution is by standards less democratic, not intelligible and not accountable enough to govern a country in the modern democratic world (KING, 2009). Unlike constitutions of most democracies that dictate distribution of power to various organs, in Britain such power resides in the arms of the crown. Power that is unlimited and unaccountable derives from the crown where the queen exercises some of it and most of it by the government. The queen exercises four constitutional powers. These are only limited to her, and nobody can exercise them on behalf of her. They include the power to chose and appoint the countries prime minister, the power to dissolve a sitting parliament, dismissal of government and the power to withhold royal assent to legislation Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-28020342061174947952019-11-19T21:04:00.001-08:002019-11-19T21:04:03.071-08:00Health Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsHealth Psychology - Essay Example In its true sense health psychology encompasses clinical health psychology, public health psychology, community health psychology and critical health psychology (Marks, 2005). In the present scenario psychology finds its way in medical and physiological aspects, contributing to innovation in thoughts in terms of health and care facilities. The thought further gained strength from the acknowledgment of genetic predisposition along with behavior of the individuals encompassing ability to combat stress, beliefs of the individual about staying healthy, the positive attitude towards life and the kind of lifestyle an individual is leading. All these paradigms are essential in deciphering the nature of individual and the ability to combat disease of any critical condition. Along with these characteristics, social conditions like the attitude of family members, relationships in family, financial conditions, cultural and traditional values an individual possesses, the kind of co-operation an individual seeks from the social set up, the grooming of individual and the perception of the individual for life. All these are essential for the comprehensive understanding about the health psychology which is concerned with behavior of the individual and the kind of medication an individual is taking. Two major issues that emerged in understanding health psychology are- the extent to which the healing is explicit (the placebo problem) and the echelon to which they are executed (the adherence to regimen) (Blackwell, 1976). It is evident that most of the reimbursement of medications could not be procured as they are not performed to their completion. It is essential that the patient adhere to the treatment regimen. Since 1973 research is being carried out to establish the factors serving as stumbling blocks in the path of adherence to treatment regimen. Theories have been formulated to overcome these hurdles and Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-28755076496916578172019-11-17T09:35:00.001-08:002019-11-17T09:35:03.544-08:00The five prewriting steps Essay Example for Free The five prewriting steps Essay The five prewriting steps are brainstorming,clustering,freewriting,narrowing a topic,and outlining. There are five steps in the prewriting process that are helpful in the development of any topic. These steps are: brainstorming,clustering,freewriting,narrowing a topic,and outlining. The first step is brainstorming, in which the writer merely lists ideas on the specified topic. At this point, no idea is discarded. This step is the most basic and requires no organization. The second step is clustering. Clustering adds a little more specificity. With this idea, the writer places the main idea in a circle in the center of the organizer. The ideas are then connected with lines; this method is also commonly referred to as a spider web, bubble web, or mind map. Following clustering, the writer should move on to the freewriting stage. At this point, the writer usually has an idea about the topic and the ideas he/she would like to include. When freewriting, the writer simply lets his/her ideas flow onto the page; paying no attention to conventional errors or re-reading until complete. The ideas should be able to flow completely although, at this point, seemingly unorganized. Following the review of the prewriting, the writer is able to see what areas of the topic are well-supported, which areas need support, which areas to omit and therefore can determine how to narrow the topic. Finally, we come to the final stage of creating the outline. The outline is the most detailed and specific. The main idea of the paper is included; along with the main idea of each pragraph and the supporting details to be included within each paragraph. Following this process, the writer will find it very easy to complete a paper on a given topic. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945898062310327285.post-19942489275523052712019-11-14T22:06:00.001-08:002019-11-14T22:06:02.106-08:00Essay -- Most people thing that being an electrical engineer means that you spend your day going to peopleââ¬â¢s house and fixing their electrical problems. In reality there is more to this career than meets the eye. What they donââ¬â¢t know is that being an electrical engineering is a very advanced field that requires you to invent, design, and construct electrical and electronic devices as well as be able to adapt to different roles when the opportunity arises. For a career in this field you are required a minimum of a bachelors degree of science in engineering and a good computer skills. Electrical engineering has nine divisions, each with its own specialty but even though their field is a bit different they all go through the same steps. The only difference is the product. It could be a computer, a generator or even a robot. According to what can you do second edition, electrical engineers first have to invent and design the device they want to build. This phase is mostly done with computers so computer skills are very necessary for this job. After this phase is complete they begin their construction phase. In this phase they build and test the new built devices. This is the phase where you apply your understanding of electrical components. For this job you are required to work eight hours a day, and make business trips once in a while but this is mostly an office job. For a carrier in the field of electrical engineering, a minimum of a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree of science in engineering is required. To get this degree, you will have to take 4 years of college. I am planning on attending University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). The reason I am planning to go there is because they teach this field up to PhD. Therefore, if I e... ...ddition this carrier is found at about anywhere in the world, wherever you are at you have a good chance of getting a carrier in this field. But that is not the only reason that I choose to pursue this carrier. The other reason is that you gain a wide range of knowledge during studies. Even with the basic lessons you improve your knowledge and that knowledge can be applied to many of your daily activities. Another reason is for a better is for a better understanding of computers. Now days computers are becoming a big part of our life, lots tasks are performed by computers and for that good computer skills are necessary. Electrical engineers are challenged with computer problems on every step of their study, field and their everyday life. For electrical engineers, computer play a very important role in their job and without them there will be no modern engineering. Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06972527925151121029noreply@blogger.com0